THE EXECUTIVE

Presented by: Marhiam Iftikhar

EXECUTIVE Executive is the branch of government that executes the laws and it includes all departments and institutions that are involved in state administration. i.e. President, ministers, administrative officials and other important civil servants.

Kinds of Executive There are two basic kinds of executive1. Single executive Under single executive, the whole

executive authority is concentrated in one person, called solitary executive as well. E.g. Presidential system.

2. Plural executive The plural executive limits the power of governor by distributing power usually associated with a chief executive among many elected political leaders. E.g. working of ancient governmental systems.

Organization Executive branch of government consist of all political and non-political office-bearers and the civil servants, involved in the day-to-day administration. The following institutions, office-bearers and agencies are involved in the execution of public policies.

Executive head In most of the developed political systems, the chief executive is directly or indirectly elected by the people. Different methods have been adopted in different states regarding the election of chief executive. Executive council In the modern political system, there are the existence of some executive councils who advise the executive and these consist of experts and technocrats.

In charge of portfolios In modern states administrative system is bifurcated into different agencies and departments, such departments and agencies perform variety of functions and these are put under the charge of different portfolios headed by the ministers. All such ministers who are in charge of portfolios, chalk out administrative policy and look after the administration of the department concerned.

Civil service Civil Service consists of such personnel who execute public policies, chalked out by the political executive. They are professionally trained persons and permanent employees of the government.

Power and functions of the political ExecutiveWorking of modern political constitutional system reveals that the political executive does not perform uniform functions in all states, its role depends primarily on the nature and form of government. Generally, functions performed by the political executive in different countries are the following :

Administrative functions Formulation of public policy, execution of law and appointment of public officials, are the most Important functions of a political executive.Legislative powers In a parliament setup, the cabinet a part of the parliament, as such most of bills that are later transformed into laws. Under a presidential system, despite the enforcement of ‘separation of powers’ the president is regarded as legislator in his own right as well as by virtue of his influence over the legislators.

Financial powers In most all the states, the political executive prepares annual budget in the form of demands for grants and proposals for raising funds.Judicial powers The head of state can normally exercise some judicial powers. He appoints judges of the superior courts but they cant be removed at his discretion.