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Chapter 12
Enterprise Crime: White-Collar Crime, Cyber Crime, and Organized Crime
Enterprise Crime
Crimes of the marketplace White-collar crime: Illegal activities of people and institutions who
profit through legitimate business transactions Cyber crime: Involves people using instruments of modern
technology for criminal purposes Organized crime: Illegal activities of people and organizations,
which profit through illegitimate business enterprise
Figure 12.1 Enterprise Crime: White Collar, Cyber Crime, and Organized Crime
White Collar Crime
• Edwin Sutherland coined the phrase “white collar crime” to describe criminal activities of the rich and powerful Contemporary definitions of white collar crime include both
middle-income persons and corporate titans Costs of white-collar crime are in the hundreds of billions of
dollars and exceed any other type of crime White-collar crimes both kill people and damage property
Components of White-Collar Crime
• Stings and Swindles A white collar crime in which people use their institutional or
business position to bilk people out of their money Swindlers often target elderly and religious organizations
• Religious swindles Use of religion and creation of fake religious organizations to bilk
those out of money (Stelter and Vision Oil Company)
Components of White-Collar Crime
• Chiseling Involves cheating an organization, its consumers, or both on a
regular basis Bogus auto repairs Professional chiseling: Use their position to chisel clients (doctors
and pharmacists) Securities fraud: Commodity and stock markets deceptions
• Churning (repeated unnecessary buying/selling)• front running (placing personal orders ahead of clients)• bucketing (skimming profits)• insider trading ( information giving the trader unfair advantage)
Components of White-Collar Crime
• Individual Exploitation of Institutional Position Individuals’ exploiting their power or position in organizations to
take advantage of other people who have an interest in how that power is used.
Occurs when the victim has a clear right to expect a service and offender threatens to withhold service unless an additional payment or bribe is forthcoming.
Components of White-Collar Crime
• Influence Peddling and Bribery Taking of “kickbacks” in return for contracts or favors Influence peddling in government: acceptance of bribes for favor
(Robin HUD and police examples) Influence peddling in business: payoffs for business contracts
(Gulf Oil and Lockheed) Congress pas the Foreign Corruption Practices Act in 1977 in
response to such violations
Components of White-Collar Crime
• Embezzlement and Employee Fraud Blue-collar fraud: Acts of pilferage Management fraud:
• Converting company assets for personal benefit• fraudulently receiving bonuses• fraudulently increasing personal holdings of company stock• manipulating of accounts• concealing unacceptable performance form stockholders
Components of White-Collar Crime
• Client Fraud Health care fraud: Includes ping-ponging, Medicare/Medicaid
frauds, kickbacks and self-referrals Bank fraud: Includes check kiting, forgery, and illegal transactions Tax evasion: Tax fraud by deliberately underreporting taxes
Components of White-Collar Crime
• Corporate Crime (Organizational Crime) Actual authority: Occurs when a corporation knowingly gives authority
for an employee to act Apparent authority: Occurs when third party reasonably believes the
agent has the authority to act Illegal restraint of trade and price fixing: Involves a scheme to stifle
competition and create a monopoly (Sherman Antitrust Act) Tying arrangement: Requiring customers to use other services
connected to corporation Group boycotts: Of retail stores not complying with rules or wishes Price fixing: Conspiracy to set and control prices Deceptive pricing: Occurs when corporations use incomplete or
misleading information to fulfill contracts (defense contractors) False claims and advertising: Involves unjustified claims about a
product (telemarketing) Worker Safety/Environmental crimes: includes unsafe working
conditions and pollution
CNN Clip - Tyco CEO On Trial
Causes of White- Collar Crime
• Greedy or Needy Motivations include a need to keep or improve a job, satisfy egos,
or keep up with inflation to support a family• Corporate Culture Theory
Involves placing excessive demands on employees• Self-Control View
Quick benefits with minimal effort
White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems
• Controlling White-Collar Crime Compliance strategies: Involve cooperation and self-policing
among businesses (SEC and FDA) Sarbanes-Oxley legislation (SOX) limits nonaudit services that
auditing firms can perform publicly Compliance strategies create marketplace incentives to obey the
law and avoid the stigmatization of their crimes Deterrence strategies: Involve detection and punishing the
offenders
White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems
• Is the Tide Turning? Growing evidence that white-collar crime deterrence strategies
have become normative Get-tough approach appears to be affecting all classes of white-
collar criminals U.S. Sentencing Commission increased penalties in April 2001
Internet Crime
• Involves the use of computers to illegally take possession of information, resources, or funds Distributing Sexual Material Denial of Service Attack Illegal Copyright Infringement (I.E. warez) Internet Securities Fraud
• Market manipulation: Pump and dump and cyber-smear• Fraudulent offerings of securities • Illegal touting• Identity Theft
Ponzi/Pyramid Schemes Nondelivery of Goods/Services (I.E. Ebay)
Computer Crimes
Theft of services Use of computer data for personal gain Unauthorized use for financial processing Illegally copying and selling of software Use of viruses to destroy data
Computer Crimes
• Common Techniques The Trojan horse: reprogramming computers for illicit purposes The salami slice: dummy account in company records Super-zapping: bypassing antitheft standards The logic bomb: secret programs for monitoring a company’s
computer system Impersonation: Unauthorized access to computer systems Data leakage: Illegally obtaining data in small amounts Computer virus: Worms intended to disrupt or destroy programs
Controlling Cyber Crime
• Counterfeit Access Device and Computer Fraud and Abuse Law (1984) and the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act (NIIPA) 1996 Controlling Internet Crime
• Identity Theft and Assumption Act-1998• Creation of working groups• Internet Fraud Complaint Center• Private security companies
Organized Crime
• Characteristics of Organized Crime Conspiratorial activity Economic gain is the primary goal Not limited to illicit services Employs predatory tactics Effective control of its members Mafia is a stereotype for organized crime Terrorism is not associated with organized crime
Organized Crime
• Activities of Organized Crime Narcotics distribution Gambling Prostitution Loan-sharking Pornography Theft-rings
Organized Crime
• The Concept of Organized Crime Mafia: first organized in Italy/Sicily Alien Conspiracy Theory: national syndicate of 25 or so Italian-
dominated crime families called La Cosa Nostra Contemporary Organized Crime Groups: include Chicano,
Cuban, and Asian racketeers Eastern European Crime Groups: Include Russian and other
groups (i.e. YACS)
Organized Crime
• Controlling Organized Crime In 1970 Congress passed the Organized Crime Control Act (Title
IX-RICO) Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act (RICO) created new
categories of offenses:• Deriving income from racketeering• Acquiring an interest or control over an enterprise engaged in
interstate or foreign commerce• Conspiring to make income, loans, or conducting business
through racketeering means Enterprise theory of investigation (ETI): model used by the FBI as
an investigative tool that focuses on the structure of the criminal enterprise rather than on the criminal acts
Organized Crime
• The Future of Organized Crime Traditional crime syndicates are declining
• Age of reining family heads• Lack of skill of younger generation• Active enforcement policies• Changing values in society