5056 5060.output

* GB785463 (A)

Description: GB785463 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to closures for openings

Description of GB785463 (A)

We, THE MORRIS SINGER COMPANY LIMITED, a British Company, of Ferry Lane Works, Forest Road, Walthamstow, London, E 17, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to closures for openings employing sliding panels and more particularly, although not exclusively, to windows of the sash type. One object of the present invention is to provide a closure which, when plane panels are used, will, in a closed position, present a substantially flat and uninterrupted surface. A further object of one embodiment of the invention is to provide a window which is both weather-proof and has an attractive appearance unmarred by the presence of opaque cross-members such as are necessitated by the known type of window sashes wherein the glass is mounted in a wooden, metal or similar frame. According to the present invention a closure for an opening comprises first and second panels, the first panel being slidably mounted by its edges within guides situated one on each side of the panel, the guides each having pivotally connected thereto a lever which is pivotally connected to a support such that pivotal movement of the levers about their connections with their supports move the guides and the first panel in a direction substantially at right angles to that in which the panel is slidable in its guides into an out of a closed position in which the two panels are in edge-to-edge alignment in the same plane, the first panel when out of its closed position being slidable within its guides in a plane parallel to the second panel. Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in greater detail, by way of example only with reference to the drawings

accompanying the Provisional Specification and the drawings accompanying this Specification, of which:- Fig 1 is a front view of one side of a window with the front covers removed; Fig 2 is a sectional view of the window of Fig 1 on the lines A-A of Fig 1; Fig, 3 is a sectional view on the line B-B of Fig 2; and Fig 4 is a sectional view on the line C-C. of Fig 2. For the sake of simplicity, the present invention is described with reference to one side only of the windows and it will be understood that the other side is of similar construction. As shown in the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification the window has two counter-balanced glass panels; an upper glass panel 1 and a lower glass panel 2. These are mounted in guides 3 and 4 respectively so as to be slidable in a vertical plane within the channels 5, 6, 7 and 8 formed in the guides The channels are so positioned in the guides that when the latter are in the position indicated in Fig 1 the channels 5, 6 of the guide 3 are aligned with the channels 7, 8 of the guide 4 so that the upper glass panel 1 may be slid downwardly into channel 7 of the guide 4 associated with the lower panel 2 and the lower glass panel slid upwardly into channel 6 of the guide 3 associated with the upper plate 1 Thus it will be seen that the glass panels may be actuated in the manner of the known window sash. 785,463 PATENT SPEGIFICATION Inventor:-REGINALD FRANK HOWARD. Date of filing Complete Specification: Dec 13, 1955. Application Date: Lyov 8, 1954 No 32296/54. Complele Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 20 ( 3), Bl Bi Bi, J( 1 B 11 M: 1 R: 2 J). International Classification:-E 04 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in or relating to Closures for Openings. 785,463 Pivotally attached at 9 and 10 to the lower guide 4 are two crank levers 11, 12 by their elbows at 13 and 14 respectively within the window frame Extending beo tween one arm of each of the crank levers and pivotally secured thereto at 15 and 16 is a connecting link 17 so that pivotal movement of the lower crank lever 12 will result in a similar movement of the upper crank lever 11 An extension 19 of one arm 18 of the crank lever 12 is suitably connected at to actuating mechanism comprising a link arm 21 which extends across the window frame to operating mechanism 22 which comprises a rotatably mounted body part 22 a to which the link arm 21 is pivotally secured and an operating lever 25 extending from the body part 22 a. The upper guide 3 is provided with Projections 25, 26 having formed therein and angularly disposed thereto slots 27, 28 which in

conjunction with pages 29, 30 mounted in the window frame determine the movement of guide 3 Pivotally secured to the lower projections 26 is an adjustable link 31 which at its other end is also pivotally secured to an extension 32 of the connecting link 17. As shown in Figs 3 and 4 the window frame, part of which is shown at 33, has firmly secured to it a rubber weather-strip 34 which extends round the window frame and when the window is in a closed position prevents rain or wind penetrating between the window frame and the glass panels. For similar reasons the upper glass panel is provided with a glass strip 35 which depends from the outer face of the glass panel such that when the window is closed the trip 35 will effectively seal the slight gap between the upper and lower glass panels. It will be appreciated that only one side of the window is shown, the other side being of similar construction having a link arm 24 similar to link arm 21 secured to the operating mechanism 22 Furthermore it can be seen that although the link arms and operating mechanism extend across the window frame they have for simplicity been illustrated as being in the same plane as the ao above described apparatus. The operation of the apparatus is as follows: When the glass panels have been moved to the position shown in Fig 1, the lever ,5 23 is moved to the left This actuation of lever 23 causes link arm 21 to move to the right, as viewed in the drawings, and link arm 24 to move to the left This movement causes the extension 19 to be moved tio to the right with the result that the crank lever 12 will pivot about 14 and move the lower end of the guide 4 towards the left. A similar movement will be simultaneously imparted to the upper end of the guide 4 by virtue of the connecting link 17 as already described with the consequence that the lower glass panel will be moved in a substantially horizontal direction until it is brought into contact with the rubber weather strip 34 70 Simultaneously with the above described operations the upper glass panel 1 will be similarly moved into contact with the weather strip by virtue of the connection between the extension 32 of the connecting 75 link 17 and the projecting 26 which will cause the guide 3 to be moved linearly in the direction determined by the slots 27, 28 and attendant pegs 29, 30 Although the direction of the movement of the guide is 80 inclined to the vertical it will be seen that as the upper glass panel is counterbalanced it will only be moved in a horizontal direction as the guide 3 will slide relative to the glass panel in a vertical direction (the fric 83 tional resistance between the guide and the panel being insufficient to overcome the inertia of the panel) Thus the two panels will be brought into the closed position wherein the panels lie in edge-to-edge align 90 ment in the same plane.

As shown in the drawings accompanying this Specification, wherein like reference numerals indicate like Darts of the above described embodiment, the lower panel 2 is 9 a movable in a horizontal direction by link 17 through the crank levers 11 and 12, and the guide 4 with which the panel 2 is associated, but in this embodiment horizontal movement of the upper panel 1 is achieved 100 through a system employing crank levers similar to those employed in conjunction with the lower panel 2 instead of the pin and slot arrangement above described. The link 17 is extended upwardly of the 105 window at 36 which extension is pivotally connected at 37 and 38 to arms 41 and 42 of crank levers 39 and 40 respectively It will be seen that the pins 43 and 44, which from the pivotal connection of the crank 110 levers and the extension 36, also provide a lost-motion connection between the extension and the crank levers by virtue of slots and 46 formed in the lever arms 41 and 42 respectively, such that upon upward 13 movement of the link 17 the crank levers 11 and 12 will be pivoted about their pivoted connections 13 and 14 with the frame a greater amount than will the crank levers 39 and 40 be pivoted about their pivotal 120 connections 47 and 48 with the frame The other arms 49 and 50 of the crank levers 39 and 40 are pivotally secured at 51 and 52 to the guide 3 associated with panel 1. Adjustable stops 53 and 54 are provided 125 in the path of the pivotal movement of the crank levers 39 and 40 which when the panels 1 and 2 are in an open position abut crank levers 39 and 40 to assure that the guides 3 and 4 are in alignment to allow 130 In order to assist in the removal or insertion of the panels in the apparatus shown in the drawings accompanying this Specification, the guides, crank levers, link arms, tube and operating lever etc are all mounted 70 in a common framework 65 pivotally mounted at 66 at its upper end to a support 67 To remove, for example a panel, the panels are brought into the position shown in Fig 2, the cover plates 68 and 69 (Fig 2) 75 removed from the support 67 and the whole panel assembly swung outwardly of the support 67 in the direction of arrow D, Fig 2, the relevant panel is then uncoupled from the counterbalancing device 61 and 80 the panel slid out along the channels in the guides. It will be seen that a window constructed according to the present invention has several advantages over the known type of 85 sash windows For example, owing to the absence of a sash frame there are no unsightly opaque cross-members to mar the view from the window Furthermore the window will be more difficult to force than the existing 90 types, especially if locking means are incorporated in the operating mechanism, as a substantially flat surface is presented by the exterior of the window panels and therefore no projections are

available by which 95 the window panels can be gripped in order to force the operating mechanism Also a window constructed as above described is more weatherproof than the known sash windows by virtue of the effective sealing 100 provided by the rubber weatherstrip and the glass strip. Although the invention has been described with reference to a sash-type window, it will be appreciated that the invention may be 105 applied to other closures for openings employing slidable panels. Safety means may also be incorporated to ensure that the panels are in a correct position before the operating mechanism 110 may be actuated. It will be obvious that the invention can be employed with known types of sashes by constructing the mechanism to move the panels through the required distance 115 The connection of the link arms 21, 24 with the operating mechanism 22 may be such that when the window is fully closed and the panels in parallel alignment the position of the link means and their pivotal 120 mountings will be so disposed as to make it impossible for the panel 2 to be moved inwardly out of the plane of the panel 1 by pressure applied to the former panel.

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* GB785464 (A)

Description: GB785464 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to apparatus for pressing together non-planarglass or plastic sheets


PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventors: DANIEL THOMAS DOWNES and EDWARD FAUSTIN 785 4464 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Dec 14, 1954.

No 36140/54. Complete Specification Published Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance: -Classes 42 ( 2), F; 78 ( 1), A 4; and 140, Al B 1. International Classification: -B 29 d B 65 g. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Apparatus for Pressing together Non-Planar Glass, or Plastic Sheets We, PITTSBURGH PLATE GLASS COMPANY, a Corporation organised and existing under the Laws of the State of Pennsylvania, United States of America, of One Gateway Center, Pittsburgh 22, Pennsylvania, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention pertains in general to laminated glass and in particular to apparatus for pressing an assembly of bent glass sheets and an intermediate sheet of thermoplastic material to seal the edges thereof, prior to placing the assembly in the autoclave for completion of the laminating process. It is well known in the art of manufacturing laminated glass that after the two sheets of glass and an intermediate sheet of thermoplastic material are assembled some means must be provided for elimination of air trapped between the glass sheets Apparatus previously used may be likened to an old fashion wringer which pressed the plates together while passing the assembly through the rotating wringer rolls Such apparatus however was usable only with flat glass sheets or sheets having very shallow longitudinal bends. The one-piece automobile windshields now being installed are examples of laminated bent glass which requires apparatus of an entirely ditferent design for effectively eliminating the trapped air and for sealing the sheets together prior to placing the assembly in an autoclave. Such bent glass sheets not only have sharp, deep bends at the ends when measured longitudinally of the sheet but also have a pronounced curve transversely of the sheet both at the center where the longitudinal curve is relatively flat and at the ends In many cases such windshields have substantially conical portions at the ends thereof which greatly increases the difficulty of providing pressing lPrice 3 s 6 d J rolls which can follow the contour of the glass during the pressing operation. One object of the present invention is to provide a preliminary pressing apparatus with a pair of pressing rolls which will follow the contour of a bent glass assembly of the character described, which rolls are controlled by the weight of the glass assembly in the

necessary vertical and tipping movements of the rolls to accomplish their intended purposes. Another object of the invention is to proprovide a pressing apparatus of the character described having a pair of pressing rolls which will follow the contour of the glass sheet passing between the rolls and effectively squeeze out all air trapped between the sheets without breaking the glass. Another object of the invention is to provide a pressing apparatus of the character described with a pair of rotating rolls which will band together at least the marginal areas of the assembly of bent glass and thermoplastic material so as to effectively prevent the entry of heated fluids used in the autoclave during the completion of the laminating process. Another object of the invention is to provide a pressing apparatus of the character described with a pair of flexible pressing rolls which, during rotation to draw the bent glass assembly between the rolls, are capable of revolving, twisting, tipping, flexing, and moving vertically to conform to the contour of the bent glass assembly. Another object of the invention is to provide a pressing apparatus of the character described in which the weight of the pressing roll assembly is suitably counterbalanced so that all movements of the pressing rolls, other than one of rotation about fixed axes, are actuated and controlled by the weight and shape of the assembled glass sheets being pressed. A further object of the invention is to provide a pressing apparatus of the character described with suitable conveyors for feeding the 785,464 glass assembly into the rolls and for receiving the assembly after passing through the rolls. The exact details of construction of the hereinafter described apparatus may take many forms depending upon the preferences of the individual designer of any particular machine in adapting the apparatus to some specific purpose The apparatus hereinafter described includes all essential details of construction to disclose the principles of design and operation of the apparatus The specific details of construction are for purposes of illustration and not limitation. It is well known in the art to heat the assembly of glass sheets and thermoplastic interlayer in order to effect some sealing of the edges to prevent entrance of the fluids used in the autoclave The heating ovens and conveying apparatus shown for passing the assembled glass sheets through the ovens and between the pressing apparatuses are therefore of conventional form. In the drawings forming part of the specification, Fig 1 shows a side elevation of the assembled apparatus.

Fig 2 shows a front view of the apparatus which is partly in section and partly in elevation. Fig 3 is a plan view of the apparatus, partly in section. Fig 4 is an enlarged end elevation of the pressing roll assembly. Fig 5 is a cross section of the pressing roll assembly taken on lines 5-5 of Fig 4. Fig 5 A is a cross section of part of the pressing roll shown in Fig 5, on an enlarged scale. Figs 6, 7 and 8 are diagrammatic views showing the relative positions of the pressing rolls and the bent glass assembly as it enters, moves through and leaves the pressing rolls. Fig 9 is a section on lines 9-9 of Fig 4. Fig 10 is a conventional disclosure of a suggested arrangement of two sets, arranged in tandem of heating furnaces and pressing apparatus to effectively complete the pressing of the bent glass assembly before placing into an autoclave; and Fig 11 is a perspective view of a bent glass assembly illustrating one type of automobile windshield having conical end portions. Referring now in detail to the drawings, the main frame of the apparatus comprises upright corner framing members 1 connected at each side of the frame by top transverse members 2 The mid portion of the members 2 are connected by a member 3 Within the main frame and suspended from member 3 is an inner frame comprising vertically disposed corner members 4, the upper ends of which members are connected by members 5 extending longitudinally of the frame and members 6 extending transversely of the frame The bottom ends of the members 4 are connected by the corresponding members A and 6 A Intermediate the ends of the members 6 is a connecting member 7 This inner frame is suspended from the main frame member 3 by means of the hanger member 8 70 The upper end of the hanger member 8 is pivotally connected to the under side of the main frame member 3 by means of the antifriction bearing bracket member 9 and bolts The lower end of the hanger member 75 8 is connected to the inner frame member 7 between the spaced arms of the bracket member 11 by means of the trunnion member 12. The bracket member 11 is secured to the beam 7 by means of the bolts 13 The trun 80 nion member 12 and the hanger 8 are rotatably connected by means of a spherical roller bearing member 14 mounted in the hanger member 8. The pressing roll assembly comprises con 85 tacting flexible rolls 15 and back-up rolls 16 and 16 A This roll assembly is mounted on the spaced housing members 17 Each member 17 comprises a web portion 18 and flange portions 19 The web portions 18 of the 90 members 17 are connected by spacing members 18 A (shown in part in Figs 2 and 3) to

provide a rigid assembly Each back-up roll 16 has an aperture in each end thereto to receive the roller bearing 20 A shaft 21 is 95 mounted within the roller bearings of each back-up roll 16 and in turn is secured on the member 17 by any suitable means such as the nuts 22 The back-up roll 16 A is rigidly mounted on a shaft 23, and 100 the opposite ends thereof are journaled on the members 17 by means of suitable bearings 24. One end of the shaft 23 extends beyond the bearing 24 and upon this extension is keyed a suitable sprocket 24 A The flexible rolls 105 are journaled on the members 17 for rotation relative thereto and bodily movement therewith as hereinafter described As shown in Fig 3 of the drawings the driving back-up roll 16 A in engagement with one roll 15 110 rotates that roll and the second roll 15 is rotated by engagement with the first roll 15. The back-up rolls 16 and 16 A being in engagement with the rolls 15 support the latter in their rotary movement 115 The precise construction of the pressing rolls 15 may take various forms The function of these rolls is to feed the laminate assembly through the rolls and at the same time provide full bearing of the rolls on the 120 assembly across the transverse width thereof. In accomplishing this function the rolls 15 must flex so as to provide greater than line contact between the rolls and the adjacent faces of the glass assembly The preferred 125 method of obtaining this greater contact is to mount the rolls in a manner such that the spacing between the longitudinal axis of the rolls is less than one half the sum of the diameters of the rolls Since the rolls are of a 130 785 A 643 pressurized flexible construction, the portions of the peripheries of the rolls in contact-with each other will flatten to provide a substantial area of contact and when the glass assembly is passed between the rolls, the flattened area is increased Due to the flexible nature of the roll construction, if the rolls were merely mounted as just described and without backup rolls little or no pressure would be exerted on the glass However by using the back-up rolls 16 and 16 A, as indicated, the flexing of rolls 15 occur mainly at the meeting area of the rolls and such deflection is against the resistance of the air pressure within the rolls 15 The optimum air pressure referred to is about 30 pounds p s i but this is subject to variation depending upon the curvature of the plates being pressed. As shown in Fig 5 of the drawings, one suitable form of roll 15 comprises a metal tubing core 25 of suitable length Each end of the tubing is closed by a suitable plug member 26 having extending therefrom, and beyond the ends of the tubing, a suitable trunnion member 27 The end plugs 26 are rigidly fastened within the tubing 25 The periphery of the tubing 25 is covered throughout its length with a

suitable layer of rubber 28 Rubber spacing rings 29 may then be disposed upon the rubber covered tubing at each end thereof An outer roll covering may then be disposed about the tubing 25 upon the spacing rings 29 Such covering may comprise a flexible rubber facing 31 having a suitable backing comprised of wrappings of a single ply of spaced cords coated with semi-cured rubber The backing extends the full length of tube 25 and the rubber facing 31 is of less length End caps 25 A, as shown, enclose the ends of rolls 15 and are secured to the end plugs 26 In this way a suitable air space 30 is provided Suitable air pressure can be applied to the air space by forming apertures 32 in each end of the tubing and providing an air inlet aperture 33 connected to a source of compressed air in the roll trunnion 27. The roll housing members 17 are each provided with a front closure plate 34 suitably attached to the flanges 19 by machine screws. Mounted on the outer faces of the flanges 19 of the members 17 are spherical bearing inner races 35 The outer race 36 encloses the member 17 and closure plate 34 Enclosing the outer bearing race is a circular casing 37 having a reinforcing rib 38 Mounted on the casing 37 and preferably integral therewith are the guide sleeve members 39 These members 39 have apertures 40 therethrough. The ends of apertures 40 are counterbored to receive bushings 41 having balls supported therein which engage the surface of steel guide rods 42 upon which the roll assembly moves vertically as hereinafter described These guide rods 42 are connected to the inner frame members 4 by suitable brackets such as 43. Flexible dust guards 44 are preferably disposed upon the guide rods 42, between the ends of the sleeve members 40 and the bracket members 43, to prevent dirt from accumulat 70 ing upon the guide rods and interfering with the free movement of the pressing roll assembly sleeves upon the rods 42 The weight of the pressing roll assembly is carried from the inner frame members 5 by means of suitable 75 brackets 45 and pulleys 46 through which are threaded flexible cables 47 Each cable 47 has one end attached to the pressing roll assembly member 37 by the eye-bolt 48 and the opposite end connected to a suitable 80 counterweight 49 The counterweights 49 are so constructed that the pressing roll assembly and the housing member 17 can be moved up and down upon the rods 42 by a small force such as would be supplied by the 85 weight of the laminated assembly being operated upon by the pressing rolls The counterweights 49 normally hold the pressing roll assembly and the housing members 17 above the plane of movement of the laminated 90 assembly as it is conveyed to and away from the pressing roll assembly. At one side of the inner frame and mounted upon the closure plate 34

of the housing member 17 is a motor 50 This motor, which is 95 preferably a variable speed motor, has mounted upon the motor shalt 51 thereof, a suitable chain sprocket 52 A chain 53 connects the motor chain sprocket 52 with the chain sprocket 24 A ot the back-up roll 16 A By 100 reason of the motor being mounted upon one of the housing members 17, the motor and the roll assembly move as a unit. At the opposite side of the inner frame and preferably on the sleeve member 39 is mounted 105 a suitable bracket 54 for receiving an air cylin. der 55 having a movable piston and rod 56. Mounted upon the adjacent member 17 closure plate 34, by means of a suitable bracket such as 57, is a shaft 58 having a chain sprocket 59 110 keyed thereto Connecting the end of the cylinder piston rod 56 and the sprocket 59 is a chain 60 of suitable length As will be observed from comparison of Figs 6 and 8, the pressing roll assembly is free to rotate 115 upon the outer bearing race 36 of the housing 17 Such rotation of the assembly also rotates the chain sprocket 59 to wind up the chain 60 attached to the cylinder piston 56. When it is desired to return the pressing roll 120 assembly to initial position such as shown in Fig 6, from its final operating position such as shown in Fig 8, the cylinder 55 is suitably actuated to retract its piston 56 and pull upon chain 60 to rotate the pressing roll assembly 125 to initial position. As shown in Figs 1 and 10 of the drawings, the bent glass assembly A is conveyed towards the pressing roll assembly by means of a conveyor B comprised of the side mem 130 3 s 785,464 bers 61 and driven rollers 62 Associated with this conveyor is a second conveyor C comprised of side members 63 having upright roll supporting members 64 attached thereto and extending upwardly therefrom between the rollers 62 of the first named conveyor. Journaled on the members 64 are suitable nondriven conveyor rollers 65 Conveyor assembly C is suitably mounted upon the rods 66 attached at one end to the member 63 and at the other end moving within a sleeve member 67 The whole assembly of conveyor C is capable of being raised and lowered upon the rods 66 by any suitable means such as rack member 68 engaged by a suitable pinion member 69 mounted upon a motor 70 This motor 70 is reversible so as to raise and lower the conveyor assembly C as desired For the purposes of carrying the bent glass assembly A away from the pressing roll assembly similar conveyors B' and C' are provided. At the beginning of the operation of the preliminary pressing mechanism the conveyors C and C' are in retracted position as shown in dot and dash lines of Fig 1 of the drawings. The glass assembly A is heated in an oven to a suitable temperature

and then passes out of the oven upon the conveyor B The assembly A advances along the conveyor B until the leading edge of the assembly A is substantially in line vertically with the meeting edges of the rolls 15 In this position the conveyor C, actuated by the motor 70, rises until its rollers 65 engage the glass assembly A lifting it to the conveyor position shown in full lines on Fig 1 of the drawings As previously set forth, the rolls of conveyor B are driven whereas the rolls of conveyor C are not. Hence, any movement of the glass assembly A upon the rollers 65 of the conveyor C is as a result of the assembly A being drawn through the pressing rolls 15. With the glass assembly A in the position shown in Fig 1 and 6 of the drawings and the rollers 15 actuated by the motor 50 and the driving back-up roll 16 A, the leading edge of the glass assembly A is drawn between the rollers 15 Due to the balancing of the pressing roll assembly as hereintofore described the rolls 15, instead of lifting the glass assembly A from the conveyor rollers 65, are drawn downwardly by the weight of the glass and the entire pressing roll assembly rotates in a clockwise direction to advance along the length of the glass assembly A into the position shown in Fig 7 of the drawings In this latter figure it will be noted that the glass assembly A has advanced through the mechanism so that the leading edge of the assembly has passed into engagement with the conveyor rollers of conveyor C' which was raised to position concurrently with conveyor C. Likewise in the position, shown by Fig 7 of the drawings, the pressing assembly rolls have now rotated approximately 90 As the pressing rolls 15 continue to draw the glass assembly A therebetween, the pressing roll assembly continues rotating in a clockwise direction until the rolls and the assembly A arrive at the position shown by Fig 8 of the 70 drawings Here the glass assembly moves out from between the pressing rolls 15 and is supported entirely upon the conveyor section C' At this point the mechanism actuating conveyors C and Cl moves to lower the con 75 veyor until the glass assembly A again rests upon the driven conveyor rolls 62 ' of the conveyor B' and from there advances into the next heating oven. During rotation of the pressing roll assem 80 bly from the position shown in Fig 6 of the drawings to that shown in Fig 8, the sprocket 59 of pressing roll assembly, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2 of the drawings, has taken up the slack in the chain 60 To return the press 85 ing roll assembly from the position shown in Fig 8 of the drawings to initial position, the piston 56 of the cylinder 55 is retracted and pulls upon the chain 60 to rotate the pressing assembly in a counterclockwise direction This 90 latter movement of

the pressing roll assembly places it in the position shown in Fig 1 of the drawings ready to receive another assembly A. In the foregoing discussion of the opera 95 tion of the pressing roll assembly it was assumed that any transevrse curvature of the glass assembly would be compensated for by suitable flexing of the flexible rolls 15 so as to provide substantially full bearing of the 100 rolls upon the transverse width of the glass assembly In many instances however the end bends on the assembly approximate a conical shape, in which case it is not only necessary for the pressing roll assembly to 105 rotate about a horizontal axis, as desribed, but to also tip or twist in the diretion of the length of the rolls and possibly have a slight movement of translation in the direction of the width of the assembly passing between the 110 rolls. Referring now to Fig 1 of the drawings, it will be apparent that the entire inner frame and pressing roll assembly can move as a unit upon the hanger 8 and roller bearings 14 in 115 a direction transversely of the conveyers B and C' Likewise the pressing roll assembly can at the same time rotate upon the spherical bearing races 35 and 36 to provide rotary movement in a direction substantially vertical 120 to the plane of rotation of the rolls 15 This combination of turning, twisting and tilting of the rolls will permit the pressing roll assembly to assume the necessary positions relative to the glass assembly A, passing through the rolls, 125 so as to avoid breaking of the substantially conical ends of the glass and at the same time maintain a substantially uniform pressure in a direction transversely of the sheets forming the glass assembly The flexibility of the 130 being provided for continuously maintaining 60 the rolls in inflated condition, said means including flexible tubing mounted to the rolls to permit relative rotary motion of said rolls. 4 An apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, which comprises means for 65 introducing one end of the assembly between said rolls, the roll housing being mounted on a support adapted to rotate about a vertical axis permitting the ends of said housing to be displaced longitudinally by said assembly 70 and the rolls being mounted about a horizontal pivotal axis so as to be responsive to the shape of increments of the assembly passing between said rolls.


* GB785465 (A)

Description: GB785465 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to drilling machines


I, RENE ALEXANDER WIESNER, of British nationality, of Ordnance House, Coychurch Road, Bridgend, Glamorganshire, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to drilling machines and is concerned with facilitating the drilling of flat, brittle articles such as glass plates and sheets, tiles and other ceramics, and the like. It is now common practice to utilise hollow diamond drills for such drilling operations, but in order to avoid surface chipping at either end of a drilled hole, it is normally necessary to form the hole by drilling partway through the article from each surface thereof This double drilling operation is generally effected by reversing the article in the machine or, on very rare occasions, by employing a drilling machine having two opposed axially aligned drilling heads The first mentioned reversing method is the more practical owing mainly to the specialised nature and the scarcity of the doubleheaded machine The reversing method as at present practiced has, however, a certain disadvantage in that the extremely accurate re-centring of the article after reversal, which is required if a satisfactory hole is to be produced and damage to the drill avoided, is often very difficult to achieve owing to the nature and shape of the article to be drilled. A main object of the present invention is to obviate the foregoing disadvantage in a simple manner and accordingly the invention provides, in or for a drilling machine having a work-suprporting table with an opening therethrough in register with the drill spindle, a re-centring attachment which aids the drilling of flat brittle articles, said attachlPrice 3 s 6 d l ment incorporating an axially displaceable re-centring tool and being adapted for mounting below the

operative table surface in such manner that the said tool is axially aligned with a drill spindle and can be displaced between a withdrawn position, in which the operative re-centring tool head is below or flush with the aforesaid table surface, and a raised position in which the tool head projects through the table opening and above said surface, said tool head being shaped to fit into a part-drilled hole in the article, when the latter is reversed on the table and the tool raised, and thereby accuirately to re-centre the article for the second part of a drilling operation. According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a drilling machine having a re-centring tool for aiding sequential aligned drilling operations from opposite surfaces of a flat brittle article, utilising the same drilling head for each operation, the said re-centring tool being arranged for axial sliding movement in alignment with the drill spindle, through an opening in the machine table, whereby the tool can be caused to project into a part-drilled hole in the article accurately to locate the latter in a reverse position on the table for a second complementary drilling operation. In order that the invention may be clearly understood and readily carried into effect an embodiment thereof will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:Figure 1 is a side elevational view of a re-centring attachment constructed in accordance with the invention; Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken at right angles to Figure 1 and including part of a drilling machine table in chain dotted lines with the attachment operatively attached thereto; 785 X 465 PATENT SPECIECATION Date of filing Complete Specification: March 13, 1956. Application Date: Dec 14, 1954 No 36230154. Complete Specification Publislied: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance Class 83 ( 3), E 1 (A 1: A 17 G: Bl: B 11: B 23). International Classification:-E 23 b, COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in or relating to Drilling Machines. Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view taken on the line Il I-111 of Figure 2; and Figure 4 is a plan view in accordance with Figure 1 with part broken away. Referring now to the drawings, the recentring attachment of Figure 1 is shown in Figure 2 mounted in a mainly dependent position beneath the table of a drilling machine The machine table in this case is composed of a base part 1, preferably of cast iron, an intermediate part 2 of teak or the like and a top layer 3 of felt or other relatively soft material which provides the worksupporting surface of the table The base part 1 is formed with a comparatively large opening la therethrough which registers concentrically with the drill spindle, whilst the intermediate table part 2 and top layer 3 are also provided

with registering concentric openings therethrough which are of considerably reduced diameter A concentric recess 2 a, which is of larger diameter than the opening la in the base part, is also provided in the under surface of the intermediate table part 2. The re-centring attachment incorporates an open ended cylindrical sleeve holder 4 having a flange 4 a at the upper end This sleeve holder is entered through the aperture la in the base part 1 of the table the aperture la being dimensioned so that the flange 4 a of the sleeve holder then rests on the table base part 1 around the rim of the aperture therethrough The recess 2 a in the under surface of the intermediate table part 2 is dimensioned to receive the flanged end 4 a of the sleeve holder 4 and the latter is firmly bolted in position by means of bolts which extend through countersunk apertures 5 a in the holder flange 4 a to engage in tapped holes l S in the table base part 1. Mounted as a sliding fit within the sleeve holder 4 is an elongated piston-like block 6 which has an axial bore 7 therethrough, this bore 7 opening, at the upper end, through a concentric externally screwthreaded boss 6 a provided on the upper end of the block Extending axially along the length of the outer periphery of the block 6 are a number of grooves or channels 8 which provide passages down which coolant and slurry can flow during a drilling operation Also extending axially of the block 6 and opening through the outer periphery Ha thereof is a T-shaped keyway 9 This keyway 9 opens at each end into enlargements 9 a which are inset respectively from the top and bottom of the block and through which a key 10, in the form of a slide bar, can be G O entered into the keyway 9 This key 10 has a screwed shank l Oa thereon which projects outwardly through an inclined slot 11 near the lower end of the wall of the sleeve holder 4 to engage in an axially tapped boss 56 formning part of a knurled adjusting nut 12 The boss of the nut 12 is dimensioned to engage the groove 11 as a sliding fit so that rotation of the block 6 causes the boss of nut 12 to ride along the groove 11 and thereby axially raise or lower the block in the holder 70 4 To facilitate such rotation, and thereby also axial displacement, a handle 13 is arranged to extend radially from a tapped aperture in the lower end of the block 6 which projects below the holder 4 75 The described arrangement permits ready removal of the block from the holder 4, it being merely necessary to loosen off the nut 12 and then to lower the block 6 into a position in which the key 10 can be with so drawn through the keyway enlargement 9 a and thence through the slot 11 in the holder 4. Screwed to the boss 6 a at the top of the block 6 is a concentrically bored cap mem a,3 ber 14 which may be made of phosphor bronze or other appropriate material This cap member 14 has an overall diameter which

is smaller than the overall diameter of the block 6 and is conveniently provided 9 o with two opposed flats 14 a, as can be seen in Fiaur-es 1 and 4 The bore through the cap member 14 is designed to receive a recentring tool 15 as a push fit, this tool being constituted, in this embodiment, by a l)a straight tubular bit, the upper end 15 a of which constitutes the worlking head The concentric openings through the intermediate and top table parts 2 and 3 are dimensioned so that the tubular bit 15 can extend 100 therethrough. Extending axially through the block bore 7 and the tubular bit 15 is a core ejector 16 which is conveniently in the form of a straight rod of considerably greater length mo than the combined overall axial length of the block 6 and tubular bit 15, so that the lower end of the rod can rest on the foot of the machine when the ejector is not in use. To facilitate manipulation of the ejector, 110 the rod 16 is conveniently provided with a loop 16 a which is located in that portion of the rod which projects below the block 6. The tubular re-centring tool bit 15 should have exactly the same diameter and wall i 15 thickness as the hollow diamond drill sizes, a number of inter-changeable caps 14 carrying different size bits may be provided for engagement on the same block. The length and angular disposition of the 120 slot 11 in the holder 4 is such that movement therein of the boss on nut 12 from one end of the slot to the other has the effect of axially displacing the block 6 together with the tool bit between a withdrawn position 12. in which the working head 15 ca of the tool s substantially flush with or slightly below the upper surface of the table felt layer 3, and an advanced position in which the tool head 15 a projects above the upper surface 130 785,465 785,465 of the felt layer 3 As a further refinement, not shown, a spring could be associated with the handle 13 to resist lifting movement of the block 6 and automatically to return the block to a withdrawn position of the tool when the handle is released. It will, of course, be appreciated that the form of the tool employed may be modified in various ways and, in some cases, it may be desirable to provide tool bits having detachable heads to accommodate the attachment to various drill sizes. In operation, a drilling machine is first set up with the appropriate drill and corresponding re-centring tool and the latter withdrawn into the machine table A flat article to be bored is then secured in the appropriate position on the machine table and the hole is drilled through to approximately half the axial depth The article is then reversed on the table and centred approximately either by means of a jig or by sighting The re-centring tool is then raised by means of its operating handle and fitted into the first part of the hole which, in

fact, is in the form of an annular groove The article is then held firmly located on the machine table in any appropriate manner and the recentring tool is withdrawn The drilling is then completed from the opposite surface of the article, the drilled core being allowed to drop through the table aperture from whence it can be ejected by axial movement of the ejector member.


* GB785466 (A)

Description: GB785466 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Shroud ring construction for turbines and compressors


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BE543709 (A) CH345766 (A) DE1080119 (B) FR1138118 (A) NL103792 (C) US2863634 (A) BE543709 (A) CH345766 (A) DE1080119 (B) FR1138118 (A) NL103792 (C) US2863634 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION 7859466 Inventors:-REGINALD HENRY DOUGLAS CHA 3 MBERLIN and JACK VALLIS BLYTH. Date of fling Complete Specification: Nov 2 2, 1955. Application Date: Dec 16, 1954 No 36510/54. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 1101), D 232; and 110 f 3 ', B 20. international Olasifieation:-O 1 ld FO 4 d. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Shroud Ring Construction for Turbines and Compressors. We, D l NAPIER & So Xs LM In TED, a Company registered under the laws of Great Britain, of 211 Acton Vale, London, W 3, do hereby declare this invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to a construction of shroud ring for turbines or compressors, that is to say the shroud ring which closely surrounds a ring of rotor blades in a turbine or compressor It is desirable that the clearance between such a shroud ring and the tips of the rotor blades shall be maintained small and shall not vary to any large degree under different operating conditions, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a shroud ring construction which will tend to enable the clearance between the shroud ring and the tips of the rotor blades to be maintained within small limits and to prevent or reduce any tendency for the shroud ring as a whole to be distorted under operating conditions. A shroud ring assembly according to the present invention comprises a tubular outer casing, and an annular shroud ring disposed within the outer casing and comprising a series of separate arcuate circumferentiallyextending sections each of which is rigidly connected at one end only (hereinafter called the fixed end) to the tubular outer casing and is supported at its other end (hereinafter called the free end) from the fixed end of the adjacent arcuate section through a connection which allows limited free relative circumferential movement between the adjacent ends of the two arcuate sections but substantially prevents relative radial movement between such adjacent ends. lPric In one convenient arrangement the connection between the fixed end of each arcuate section and the free end of an adjacent arcuate is in the form of a step on the end face of one of the sections engaging a cooperating step on the adjacent end face of the other section, it being understood that the step is arranged so that the free end of the appropriate section is held from inward radial movement relatively to the fixed end of the other section by the inter-engaging steps.

Alternatively a key may be provided extending between and engaging axially extending slots in the adjacent ends of the two sections. In any case each arcuate section of the shroud ring is preferably of such cross section as to provide within it a chamber having means by which cooling air can be supplied to and permitted to escape from it. Moreover one or more sheet metal baffle members are then preferably provided within each arcuate section and arranged to define with the inner circumferential wall at least of the arcuate section a narrow passage through which the according air is caused by the baffle member to flow. Conveniently the fixed end of each arcuate section is secured to the tubular outer casing by means of a radially-arranged bolt, stud, or the like engaging a bore in the appropriate end of the arcuate section For example each of the bores in question may be screwthreaded and be engaged by the inner screwthreaded end of a bolt passing freely through a radial hole in the tubular outer casing. In one preferred construction according to the invention each arcuate section of the shroud ring is of channel-shaped cross-section in planes containing the axis of the tubular 785,466 casing, and one construction embodying arcuate sections of this form and a modification thereof, are shown in the accompany drawings, in which:Figure 1 is a sectional side elevation in a plane containing the axis of a combustion turbine of the part of such turbine including a shroud ring according to the invention and two adjacent rings of stator blades, the parts shown in the drawing being for convenience limited substantially to those necessary for an understanding of the invention itself and not representing a complete cross-section through the turbine; 1 a Figure 2 is a cross-section on the line 2-2 of Figure 1 through the shroud ring assembly; and Figure 3 is a fragmentary cross-section, corresponding to Figure 2, of a modified form of connection. In the embodiment of the invention shown in Figures 1 and 2, A is the tubular outer casing of the turbine within which is mounted a ring of stator blades B of the kind sometimes called a nozzle ring through which the hot gases from combustion chambers, one of which is indicated at C, are delivered to a ring of rotor blades indicated at D supported upon a rotor disc D' in well-known manner. The gases leaving the rotor blades D then pass through a ring of stator blades E rigid with the casing A before impinging on the rotor blades F of the next stage carried by a rotor disc F'. The blades B constituting the nozzle ring are of known hollow form and are arranged in a manner known per se and in itself forming no part of the invention, to have cooling air delivered to their inner ends through a chamber G so that this cooling air flows through the blades

into an outer annular cooling air chamber H. Surrounding the ring of rotor blades D is a shroud ring assembly according to the invention comprising a supporting structure formed by the surrounding part of the casing A on which, to this end, are formed a series of circumferentially spaced bosses A', and a shroud ring comprising a series of separate arcuate sections J each of channel-shaped cross-section, as shown and of closed-ended trough-like form, the inner circumferential wall of each section being in the form of a section of a frustum of a cone, while the flanges J 1, J 1 on the sides of each arcuate section are located between a flange A 2 formed on a ring A' rigid with the casing A and a ring A 4 also rigid with the casing A and serving to support the outer ends of C the 6 o blades B of the nozzle ring The arcuate sections J, J 1, J 2 of the shroud ring are not gripped between the flange A 2 and the ring A 4 but are held in position thereby while being free to slide relatively thereto. t 5 Formed in one end of each arcuate shroud ring section J is a boss Ji having formed therein a radial hole which is internally screw-threaded as shown at J 4 to receive the inner end of a bolt K passing through one of the bosses A' and serving to secure that end 70 of the shroud ring section firmly to the casing A as shown most clearly in Figure 2. The end of each shroud ring section J adjacent to the boss J 3 is also provided with a step as shown at J 5 while the opposite end 75 of the shroud ring section is provided with a step J 6 which, as clearly shown in Figure 2, co-operates with the step J 5 on the adjacent end of the adjacent shroud ring section to prevent the end provided with a step J 6 from 80 moving radially inwards beyond a predetermined small amount represented by a limited working clearance between the abutting faces of the steps J 5 and J 6 The arrangement is such that each shroud ring 85 section J is free to expand circumferentially relatively to the casing A and to the adjacent shroud ring sections while as will be seen, being maintained substantially in position both axially and radially and sup 90 ported from the casing A at a single point by the bolt K. In the arrangement shown there is mounted and located within each shroud ring section a thin sheet metal baffle L the edge L' of 95 which is secured as by welding to the flange J 2 of the shroud ring section while the edge L 2 is spaced from the inner circumferential wall of the shroud ring section by spaced tabs L 3 Air outlet apertures M are formed 100 in each shroud ring section and the arrangement is such, as will be seen, that cooling air delivered to the annular chamber H is caused to flow round the baffle and out through the exit apertures M where it enters the gas 103 stream flowing through the turbine and, by flowing over the tips of the rotor

blades, tends to assist further in the cooling of the shroud ring and to assist in the cooling of these blades 11 ( It lwill be apparent that the baffle means represented by the baffle L defines with the adjacent walls of the casing A and the shroud ring section J a narrow passage between the baffle means and the walls of the casing and 115 shroud section, through which narrow passage the cooling air is caused to flow. In the modified arrangement shown in Figure 3 which is otherwise similar to that described above, instead of the adjacent i 20 ends of the shroud ring sections being provided with the co-operating steps J 5, J they are formed with axially extending slots J, J 8 lying opposite to one another, into which slots is slid a key member J 9 which permits 125 relative circumferential movement between the adjacent ends of the shroud ring sections while virtually preventing relative radial movement between them. 785,466


* GB785467 (A)

Description: GB785467 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to the manufacture of semi-conductor devices


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CH338906 (A) FR1140519 (A) US2830920 (A) CH338906 (A) FR1140519 (A) US2830920 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECFICATION 78 Inventors:-IAN DOUGLAS COLSON, RALPHI DAVID KNOTT, and MICHAEL RUPERT PLATTEN YOUNG. Date of filinrg Comnplete Specification: Dec 14,1955. Application Date: Dec 23, 1954 No 372001541 C'omplete Specification Pitbhi glhed: Oct 30,1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 37, K( 1 A 2: 1 CX: 2: 3 E 1: 3 X: 5). International Classiieation:-H Ol I. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in or relating to the Manufacture of Semi-Conductor Devices. We, TI-IE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY LIMITED, of Magnet House, Kingsway, London, W C 2, a British Company, do hereby declare this invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to the manufacture of semiconductor devices. The invention is concerned in particular with methods of manufacturing semiconductor devices of the kind in which an electrode of the device is formed by fusing on the surface of a semi-conductor body a material incorporating at least one substance capable of acting in the semiconductor as a significant impurity (that is to say a donor or acceptor impurity), the molten material dissolving part of the semiconductor body, and then cooling the material so that a layer of the semiconductor containing said substance is redeposited from the molten material contiguous with the remainder of the semiconductor body. In semi-conductor devices manufactured by such a method it has been found hitherto that the boundary between the redeposited layer and the remainder of the semiconductor body is often irregular, so that poor characteristics are obtained, and it is difficult to achieve uniformity of characteristics over a group of similar devices. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method of the kind specified, by means of which greater regularity of the boundary between the redeposited layer and the remainder of the semiconductor body may be obtained.

lPrice 3 s 6 d l 2 ' 7 According to the present invention, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device of the kind specified includes the step, prior to the formation of the electrode, of causing the material which is to be fused to adhere to the semiconductor body, -over at least a major part of the area on which the electrode is to be formed, by pressing together freshly formed surfaces on said material and said body. By a freshly formed surface is meant a surface which since it was formed has been maintained in conditions such that its nature is substantially unaltered This will normally imply that the surface is maintained in ordinary air for only a short time, or is maintained in a suitable inert atmosphere. The improved results obtained by use of the invention are believed to be explicable in terms of the substantially complete exclusion of foreign matter between the semiconductor and the material which is to form the electrode before this material is fused, and the resultant thorough wetting of the. surface of the semiconductor by the molten material when fusion takes place. Two methods in accordance with the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is an elevation, partly in section, of parts of a P-N junction rectifier just before the final assembly of the rectifier; Figure 2 illustrates a stage in the manufacture of the rectifier shown in Figure 1; Figure 3 illustrates a subsequent stage in the manufacture of the rectifier shown in Figure 1; A -1 C 9 5,467 785,467 Figure 4 is a sectional view of a P-N-P junction transistor; and Figure 5 is a plan, partly in section, of a jig used in the manufacture of the transistor shown in Figure 4. Referring to Figure 1 of the drawings, the rectifier is manufactured from a plate 1 of N-type germanium having a resistivity of about 10 ohm centimetres, the plate I having a thickness of about 0 4 millimetre and having main faces about six millimetres square One main face of the plate 1 is soldered to a cylindrical copper block 2 which is provided with a peripheral flange 3, a threaded fixing stud 4 being soldered to the other end of the block 2 The other main face of the plate 1 is provided with an electrode 5 in the form of a bead of indium, in which is embedded the end of a nickel lead wire 6. Before the formation of the electrode 5, the material from which it is to be formed is prepared as follows A quantity of about milligrams of pure indium is placed in a stainless steel die and is moulded by pressure from a punch into the shape of a truncated cone having an axial cylindrical hole extending partially through it from the smaller plane face of the cone; the truncated cone has plane faces of

diameters 3.5 and 4 millimetres respectively and has a height of 2 4 millimetres, the axial hole having a diameter of 1 85 millimetres and a length of 1 5 millimetres. Referring now to Figure 2 of the drawings, the indium cone 7 is placed on a plate glass die plate 8 and the end of the nickel lead wire 6 is inserted in the hole in the cone 7, the wire 6 having a diameter of 1 millimetre and being provided at this end with a flange 9 having an external diameter of 1 75 millimetres and a thickness of 0 25 millimetre The wire 6 is of commercially pure nickel and is initially thoroughly cleaned by furnacing at first in dry hydrogen for ten minutes at a temperature of 1000 ' C. and then in vacuo for ten minutes at the same temperature The wire 6 is also threaded through an axial hole in a vertically extending stainless steel punch 10, which has a plane end surface in which is formed a central hemispherical cavity 11 of diameter 4 5 millimetres The punch 10 slides in a hole in a horizontal supporting bar 12, and after the cone 7 and wire 6 have been placed in position the punch 10 is subjected to a downward impulse to mould the indium, cone 7 into the form of a hemisphere around the end of the wire 6 The flange 9 ensures that the wire 6 is firmly embedded in the indium hemisphere thus produced, while the initial shane of the cone 7 is chosen so that the flow of indium during the moulding operation is such that there Sins is no tendency for the wire 6 to rise or for air to be trapped around the wire 6 In order to enable the wire 6 and the moulded indium hemisphere to be removed from the punch 10 without handling the indium hemisphere, the punch 10 is cut away at 13 70 so that the wire 6 may be pushed out from the end remote from the indium hemisphere. The volume of indium in the cone 7 is slightly greater than that required to fill the cavity 11, so that when the indium hemi 75 sphere is first formed there is an excess of indium present at its base Immediately before the indium hemisphere is required for the next stage of the manufacture of the rectifier, which consists in causing the indium 80 hemisphere to adhere to the germanium plate 1, the indium hemisphere and the lead wire 6 are reinserted in the punch 10 and the excess of indium is carefully cut off the base of the indium hemisphere with a sharp so blade to form a fresh planar surface of accurately circular periphery A short time before the indium hemisphere is caused to adhere to the germanium plate 1, one main face of the plate 1 is provided with a fresh g)o surface by etching with a reagent consisting of 3 volumes of glacial acetic acid, 5 volumes of concentrated nitric acid, and 3 volumes of hydrofluoric acid, together with about 0.3 % ' of bromine; the opposite main face ljs of the plate 1 is masked during the etching process. Referring now to Figure 3, the plate 1 is placed on a die block 14

which is mounted on a frame 15, the freshly etched main face 1 ou of the plate 1 being disposed uppermost, and the plate 1 being helpi central on the die block 14 by means of an iris diaphragm 16 which bears on a cylinder 17 of thin spring steel, the cylinder 17 in turn bearing 105 on the corners of the plate 1 The lead wire 6 and indium hemisphere 18 are inserted in a punch 19 in which they are held by means of a spring 20, the wire 6 passing through an axial hole in the punch 19 and the hemi 110 sphere 18 fitting into a part spherical cavity formed in the end of the punch 19 and having a radius equal to that of the hemisphere 18; the punch 19 is a sliding fit in a vertically extending hole formed in the frame 15 115 The freshly cut surface at the base of the hemisphere 18 is caused to adhere to the freshly etched main face of the plate 1 by pressing these two surfaces together; this is brought about by applying manual pressure 1-)0 to the free end of a lever 21 which is pivoted at 22 and bears on the upper end of the punch 19, the downward motion of the lever 21 being limited by means of a stop 23. The assembly formed by the germanium 5 plate 1, the indium hemnisphere 17, and the lead wire 6 is then removed from the punch 19 in the following manner The lever 21 is raised to a substantially vertical position, and the punch 19 is then slid vertically up 1 O plate 1 should not be much less than one millimetre It should be noted that the moulding of the indium hemisphere 18 around the end of the wire 6 before it is fused to the germanium plate 1 forms the 70 subject of co-pending Patent Application No 24495/54 (Serial No 775,121). Referring again to Figure 1 of the drawings, the envelope of the rectifier is then completed by disposing over the end of the 75 copper block 2 a copper cap 29 having a peripheral flange 30, the cap 29 having sealed through it a glass bead 31 through which is sealed a nickel tube 32 through which the lead wire 6 passes The envelope 80 is sealed by cold pressure welding the flanges 3 and 30 together, and then cold pressure welding the tube 32 to the wire 6, the cold welding operations being carried out in an inert atmosphere 85 such as nitrogen so as to provide a permanent inert gas filling for the envelope of the completed rectifier It should be noted that the use of cold pressure welding in this context forms the subject of co-pending Patent 90 Application No 24500/54 (Serial No. 775,191). As stated above, the germanium plate 1 is etched a short time before the indium and germanium are caused to adhere to each 95 other, while a fresh surface is cut on the indium hemisphere 18 immediately before this operation If the surfaces are maintained in ordinary air, we have found it necessary in order to obtain satisfactory 100 results that the surfaces should be caused to adhere together within about an hour

of the etching and within one or two minutes of the cutting of the fresh surface on the indium It has been found that the pres 105 sure which must be applied to achieve satisfactory adhesion between, the indium hemisphere 18 and the germanium plate 1 depends to some extent on the manner in which the indium has been initially pre 110 pared It may be desirable to some cases that the indium should be prepared in such a way that satisfactory adhesion can be brought about with the lowest possible pressure, for example where there is a risk that 115 the germanium plate 1 might crack during the operation in which the adhesion is brought about In such cases we have found that a suitable method of preparing the indium is to heat molten indium in a 120 vacuum at a temperature of about 6000 C. for half an hour in an alumina crucible, to cast the molten indium under vacuum in a stainless steel mould, and to produce a rod of indium by extrusion from the ingot thus 125 formed. If desired, the assembly of the germanium plate 1, the indium hemisphere 18 and the wire 6 formed in the manner described above may be stored in a suitable atmo 130 wards through the hole in the frame 15 As the punch 19 is raised, its lower portion passes through a cylindrical shield 24, which is a loose fit around this portion of the punch 19 and is prevented from falling by means of a bracket 25 secured to the frame 15, until the head of the bolt 26 which secures the spring abuts on the closed end of the shield 24, and the shield 24 is then carried upwards with the punch 19 in a position such that the germanium plate 1 is sheathed and thereby protected from damage during the passage of the punch 19 through the hole in the frame 15 The assembly is finally removed from the punch 19 by pushing an ejector rod 27 through an axial hole in the punch 19 until sufficient of the wire 6 emerges to be grasped. The soldering of the germanium plate I to the copper block 2 and the formation of the electrode 5 are then carried out as follows The copper block 2 is mounted in a jig (not shown) with the end to which the germanium plate l is to be soldered disposed uppermost; on this end of the copper block 2 is laid a thin disc of soft solder (not shown) and the nickel wire 6 is held by the jig so that the lower main face of the germanium plate 1 rests on the upper face of the disc of solder The whole assembly is heated to a temperature of about 5500 C. in an atmosphere of dry hydrogen, and is then allowed to cool By this means the lower face of the germanium plate 1 is 33 soldered to the copper block 2, while the indium hemisphere 18 is fused to the upper face of the germanium plate 1 so as to form a bead 5 at the base of which is a P-N junction 28 separating the main body of N-type germanium from a layer of P-type germanium formed by recrystallisation from the indium-germanium alloy produced during the heating The wire 6

is held sufficiently tightly in the jig to prevent it sinking through the molten indium during the heating operation and thereby coming into contact with the germanium The thorough initial cleaning of the wire 6 and the method of moulding the indium hemisphere 18 desa O cribed above minimise difficulties which might arise due to the evolution of gas bubbles in the molten material during the heating, furthermore, the use of a hlmispherical shape for the indium moulded around the end of the wire 6, which corresponds to the equilibrium molten shape of the bead 5, minimises difficulties which might arise due to flowing out or contraction of the material on melting In order to ensure consistently good results in the formation of the P-N junction 28, it has been found desirable when using an indium bead of the dimensions described above that the spacing between the end of the wire 6 and the original main face of the germanium 785,46 U 7 sphere for an extended period with deterioration, before the formation of the electrode 5 is carried out For example, such assemblies have been stored in sealed air filled , containers with anhydrous magnesium perchlorate for a month without deterioration. It has been found that rectifiers produced in accordance with the method described above are generally improved in respect of 0 the consistency of their characteristics, their ability to withstand high voltages in the reverse direction, and the magnitude of their resistances in the reverse direction A further advantage of the method resides in the 1 fact that it eliminates the necessity of etching the germanium after the electrode 5 is formed in order to obtain a satisfactory characteristic for the P-N junction in the reverse direction. Referring now to Figure 4, in the second method the transistor is manufactured from a plate 33 of N-type germanium having a resistivity of about two ohm centimetres, the plate 33 having a thickness of about 0 15 millimetre and having main faces about three millimetres square One main face of the plate 33 is soldered to a nickel plate 34 which has formed in it a circular aperture and to which is welded a nickel lead wire 35, the plate 34 constituting the base electrode of the transistor Centrally disposed on opposite main faces of the germanium plate 33 are emitter and collector electrodes 36 and 37 respectively which are in the form of beads of indium, the electrode 36 being of smaller diameter than the electrode 37 and being disposed on the main face of the plate 33 which is soldered to the nickel plate 34. During the manufacture of the transistor, the indium from which the electrodes 36 and 37 are to be formed is caused to adhere to the germanium plate 33 prior to the formation of the electrodes 36 and 37 For this purpose there is used a jig which is illustrated in Figure 5 The jig includes an annular stainless steel block 38 which has formed

in it two coaxial holes of circular cross-section which extend diametrically across the block 38; the holes accommodate two punches 39 and 40, corresponding repectively to the emitter and collector electrodes 36 and 37 The collector punch 40 is shown in detail in the drawing, and consists of inner and outer cylindrical stainless steel members 41 and 42 respectively, the former of which slides inside the latter In one end of the member 42 is formed a small central hole 43 having a diameter of 1 15 millimetres, the hole 43 communicating with the main cavity inside the member 42 in which the member 41 slides The member 41 is provided at the corresponding end with a central spigot 44 which mates with the hole 43 The members 41 and 42 are respectively provided at their other ends with flanges 45 and 46, the lengths of the members 41 and 42 being such that when the flanges 45 and 46 are pressed firmly together the end of the spigot 44 is flush with 7 (o the end of the member 42 The emitter punch 39 is generally similar to the collector punch 40, b Et in this case the diameter of the small hole in the end of the outer inmember is 0 57 millimetre The jig also includes 75 a support for the germanium plate 33, which consists of a short tubular member 47 arranged to fit over a boss 48 formed on the outer member of the emitter punch 39. and havin formed at one end a square 50 recess in which the germanium plate 33 can bt accommodated with its main faces perpendicular to the axis of the member 47. A wire 49 is soldered to the member 47 for convenience in handling the member 47. The jig is used in the following manner. The germanium plate 33, whose main facms have been provided with fresh surfaces a short time previously by etching with the reagent referred to above, is placed in the (lj support member 47 mounted on the boss 48, the inner member of the emitter punch 39 being removed at this stage The collector punch 40 is removed from the block 38, and thle spigot 44 is retracted a distance of gs 0.46 millimetre inside the hole 43 by inserting a feeler gauge having this thickness between the flanges 45 and 46 A one millimetre length of indium wire having a diameter of 1 06 millimetres is inserted into 10/ the hole 43, and the punch 40 is then pressed against a ground glass plate so that the indium is squashed firmly into the hole 43, leaving an excess of indiumn present at one end of the indium cylinder thus formed l)s This excess of indium is cut off with a sharp blade so as to form a fresh surface. the member 41 is advanced a distance of 0.05 millimetre in the member 42 so that the indium cylinder protrudes slightly from llo the hole 43, and the punch 40 is immediately reinserted in the block 38 and advanced so as to press the fresh surface on the indium cylinder into

contact with one main face of the germanium plate 33, the punch 40 being 115 rotated through an angle of about 900 about its axis while the pressure is applied By this means the surface of the indium cylinder is caused to adhere firmlv to the main face of the gernmanium plate 33 12 i The emitter punch 39 and the support member 47 are then withdrawn, leaving the germanium plate 33 suspended in position by virtue of its adhesion to the indium cylinder disposed in the hole 43 With the 125 germanium Dlate 33 in this position, a second indium cylinder is caused to adhere to its second main face by using the emitter punch 39 in a similar manner to that described above a one millimetre length of indi um 130 785,467 785,467 wire of diameter 0 5 millimetre being used in this case to produce the indium cylinder. The flanges on the inner and outer members of the emitter punch 39 are then pressed firmly together to extrude the indium cylinder from the punch 39 and this is then withdrawn Finally the flanges 45 and 46 are pressed firmly together to extrude the first indium cylinder from the hole 43, this cylinder being parted off from the end of the member 42 by means of a sharp blade. The formation of the bead electrodes 36 and 37 and the provision of a base connection for the transistor are then carried out as follows The germanium plate 33, with the indium cylinders attached, is placed in a jig (not shown) together with the nickel plate 34, which has initially been tinned, the plates 33 and 34 being held together in the desired spatial relationship The whole assembly is heated to a temperature of about 5500 C in an atmosphere of dry hydrogen and is then allowed to cool By this means the germanium plate 33 is 2.5 soldered to the nickel plate 34, and each indium cylinder is fused to the appropriate main face of the germanium plate 33 so as to form a bead 36 or 37 at the base of which is a P-N junction (not shown) separating the main body of N-type germanium from a layer of P-type germanium formed by recrystallisation from the indium-germanium alloy produced during the heating The tinal diameters of the formed beads 36 and 37 are approximately 0 75 millimetre for the bead 36 and 1 4 millimetres for the bead 37. Referring again to Figure 4, the assembly thus formed is removed from the jig and the transistor is provided with a further pair of leads constituted by two fine wires 50 and 51 secured respectively to the indium beads 36 and 37 The wires 35, 50 and 51 are respectively welded to support wires 52, 53 and 54, which are sealed through a glass bead 55 which is itself sealed inside a copper skirt 56 The envelope of the transistor is completed by a copper cap 57 which is cold pressure welded at its rim to the skirt 56, the welding operation being carried out in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen so as to provide a permanent inert gas filling for the envelope of the completed

transistor It should again be noted that the use of cold pressure welding in this context forms the subject of co-pending Patent Application No 24500/54 (Serial No 775,191). It will be appreciated that the same considerations apply with regard to the times at which the germanium is etched and the indium is cut as are referred to above in the case of the rectifier Similar considerations to those referred to in connection with the rectifier also apply with regard to the method of preparation of the indium, and the storage of the assemblies comprising the germanium plate 33 and the two indium cylinders. It has been found that transistors manu 70 factured by the method described above are generally improved in respect of the consistency of their characteristics and their ability to withstand high voltages Furthermore, the fact that the method results in an 75 improvement in the uniformity of the geometry of the P-N junctions, and particularly in the depth of penetration of the P-N junctions below the original surface of the germanium, makes it possible to utilise smaller 80 thicknesses for the base region between the junctions without the risk of interpenetration of the junctions, thus leading to improved high frequency performance; this fact also implies that the prediction of the charac 85 teristics of the transistor on a theoretical basis is more reliable, thus leading to a simplification of design procedure. It will be appreciated that the invention is applicable to semiconductor devices 90 utilising combinations of materials other than germanium and indium, subject to the limitation that freshly formed surfaces on the respective materials should adhere when pressed together; for example, we have 95 found methods in accordance with the invention equally useful where an electrode is to be formed on germanium using indium containing a small percentage of antimony In some cases it may be necessary to heat the 100 materials during the pressing operation in order to achieve satisfactory adhesion It will further be appreciated that, while the specific examples described above relate to semiconductor devices having electrodes at 105 the base of which P-N junctions are formed, the invention is equally applicable in connection with electrodes at the base of which there is formed a P or N-type layer in contact with a region of the semiconductor 110 which is either intrinsic or of the same conductivity type as the layer.

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