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* GB785123 (A) Description: GB785123 (A) ? 1957-10-23 Electric light units for use in aircraft Description of GB785123 (A) a r i PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor:-JOHN BONELL. ) Date of filing Complete Specification: Jan 5, 1956. ) I Application Date: Feb 10, 1955 No 3987/55. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 38 ( 5), Bl V; and 39 ( 2), El. International Classification:-F 21 b H 102 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Electric Light Units for Use in Aircraft. We, WILMOT-BREEDEN LIMITED, of Eastern Works, Camden Street, in the City of Birmingham 1, a British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we -5 pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to an electric emergency light unit for use in aircraft, and has for its object to provide in an efficient and

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* GB785123 (A)

Description: GB785123 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Electric light units for use in aircraft

Description of GB785123 (A)

a r i PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor:-JOHN BONELL. ) Date of filing Complete Specification: Jan 5, 1956. ) I Application Date: Feb 10, 1955 No 3987/55. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 38 ( 5), Bl V; and 39 ( 2), El. International Classification:-F 21 b H 102 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Electric Light Units for Use in Aircraft. We, WILMOT-BREEDEN LIMITED, of Eastern Works, Camden Street, in the City of Birmingham 1, a British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we -5 pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to an electric emergency light unit for use in aircraft, and has for its object to provide in an efficient and convenient form a light unit, which is adapted to be illuminated automatically in the event of the aircraft in which it is fitted making a crash landing, said light unit also being readily removable from the aircraft for use as a hand torch. An electric light unit in accordance with the invention comprises in combination a body part in which is formed a chamber for a battery, a lamp holder in the body part, and a switch in the body part for connecting a lamp in the holder with a battery in the chamber, said switch including a spring loaded plunger carrying a switch contact, and a weighted member which normally obstructs movement of the plunger and maintains the switch open, but is displaceable by its inertia as a result of the impact of a crash landing to allow the switch to close automatically under the action of the spring loading of the plunger.

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In the accompanying drawing one embodiment of the invention is illustrated in sectional side elevation and includes a body part 1 in which is formed a chamber 2 for accommodating a dry cell electric battery 3. The inner end of the chamber 2 is closed by a cover 4 secured to the body part 1 by -40 screws, one of which is seen at 5 On the cover 4 is a spring 6 for making contact with the lower pole of the battery, and also lPrice 3 s 6 d l serving to urge the battery outwardly, so that its opposite pole makes contact with the one contact of an electric lamp 7 The lamp 7 is engaged in a holder 8 secured to a reflector 9, which is carried by a transparent or translucent plastic closure member 10 having a screw-threaded skirt engaging within a hole eccentrically disposed in a circular cover 11 for the outer end of the body part 1. The spring 6 is electrically connected to a spring-loaded plunger 12 situated within the body part at one side of the chamber 2, and on the plunger 12 is a contact 13 of a switch The fixed contact 14 of this switch is connected electrically through the reflector 9 and lamp holder 8 to the lamp, and the arrangement is such that the spring loading of the plunger urges the plunger in an axial direction towards the closed position of the switch The,plunger 12 which is slidable in a guide 15, may be of hollow formation as shown, and the loading of the plunger may be effected by a coiled compression sprnig 16 bearing at one end on a closed end of the plunger and at its opposite end on a screw-threaded plug 17 engaging the guide 15 Also the inner end of the plug 17 may be located between a pair of resilient blades 18 (only one of which is seen in the drawing) upstanding from a plate 19 to which the spring 6 is attached To vary the compression of the spring 16, the setting of the screw-threaded plug 17 in the guide 15 can be adjusted through a hole in the cover 4, this hole normally being closed by a screw-threaded plug 20. The switch is normally held in the open position by a wveighted member, which may be in the form of a cylindrical weight 21 on the lower end of a stem 22 Intermediate the ends of the stem there is formed a 785,123 & 11 ,Kc'n -R 1; Y 785,123 spherical protuberance 23 which engages a part spherical seating in a block 24 mounted within the cover 11 the end of the stem remote from the weight extending with freedom through aligned holes in the block 24 and cover 11 Also the weight has formed on its end remote from the stem a conical or otherwise shaped projection adapted to engage a recess in the outer end of the plunger 12 and thus maintain the switch contacts in an open position. By virtue of universal movement permitted to the stem 22 in the block 24 the weight 21 can be displaced laterally from the plunger in any

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direction by angular displacement of the stem Alternatively the stem 22 could be pivotally mounted inithebody part so as to be angularly movable in a plane extending fore and aft of the aircraft in which the light unit-is fitted. The arrangement is such that in the event of the aircraft in which the light unit is fitted making a crash landing the inertia of the weight 21 will move it laterally from the plunger, and allow the plunger to close the switch contacts automatically The switch can be reset manually to the open position by means of the end of the stem 22 which projects through the cover 11. Desirably the light unit is detachably mounted in the aircraft and for this purpose the body part 1 has external means whereby it can be connected in a socket in the aircraft by a bayonet or other type coupling. This feature admits of the unit being removed readily for use as a hand torch in the event of an emergency For example, as illustrated the body part has formed in it bayonet slots 25 which can be engaged with pegs 26 on a socket 27 mounted within a hole in portion 28 of the aircraft fuselage, the inner end of the socket having a -coiled spring 29 serving to urge the body part outwardly. It will -be seen that the switch is disposed in the body part-at the one side of the lamp 7 and battery 3, so that by removing the closure member 10 or the cover 4 the lamp or battery respectively can be changed without in any way disturbing the adjustment or setting of the switch.

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* GB785124 (A)

Description: GB785124 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in textile ring spinning machines

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Description of GB785124 (A)

, C, c r A PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventors:-WILLIAM SELWYN ROBSON and KENNETH WARD. Date of filing Complete Specification: Dec 28, 1955. Application Date: Feb 12, 1954 No 4242/55. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance Class 120 ( 2), D 2 BS. International Classification:-DO 2 d. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in Textile Ring Spinning Machines. We, FAIRBAIRN LAWSON COMBE BARBOUR LIMITED, a British Company, of Wellington Foundry, Leeds 1, in the County of York, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- Our invention relates to textile ring spinning machines and has for its object the provision of an improved form of oiling system for the rings. In ring spinning systems, each spindle co-operates with a ring fixed in a ring rail, l 5 the said ring carrying a traveller through which the yarn is passed before being wound on to the spindle or bobbin carried thereby. The traveller moves constantly round the ring during spinning, and may therefore require lubrication, more particularly if the spinning is performed on a wet yarn. In this connection, it is known to apply oil or grease directly by hand to the ring, or alternatively to provide each ring with an oil or grease nipple, a small quantity of oil or grease being injected through -the nipple at predetermined intervals by an attendant Again, it is known to provide the ring rail, which carries a plurality of rings, -with a system of pipes into which oil is manually or automatically injected, the system being arranged to feed metering jets connected to the rings on the rail. Our invention aims to provide a simplified and cheapened form of oiling system for a plurality of rings mounted on a ring rail. To this end, we arrange for each ring to be provided with a hole drilled from the side of the ring towards a surface on which oil is to be distributed Each ring is placed in a circular hole in the ring rail with its oil hole coinciding with a further oil hole drilled in the ring rail itself Each rail oil lPrice 3 s 6 d l hole is connected with a longitudinal oil channel formed in an extended metal section or oil

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channel member fixed to the edge of the ring rail, and extending the length of the rail This oil channel is sealed at both ends, and oil may be applied to it either by a nipple manually, or by means of an automatic oiling system carried by or connected to the ring rail channel We provide a flat surface on one side of the ring rail, and then fix an oil channel member to the said flat side This member consists of "D" section extruded metal, running the length of the ring rail The said member is drilled right through at each point at which a ring is to be served and is fixed to the rail by metering jet screws one of which is provided for each ring Each jet screw has a head which bears on the inner surface of the oil channel member and clamps an outer flat face thereof firmly against the flat side of the ring rail: An oil seal gasket is inserted between the member and the ring rail After assembly, the holes on the outer side of the member through which the jets were inserted and screwed home, are sealed by screwed plugs with the exception of one such hole, in which a nipple or a connection to an automatic pressure oiling system is fitted The ends of the oil channel are also sealed Each jet screw may be provided with a filter, a metering restriction and a non-return valve if required, and the joint between the ring and the ring rail through which the oil passes may be sealed by any suitable method as for example by jointing compound. According therefore to our invention an oiling system for a spinning machine comprises an oil channel member having an oil channel extending longitudinally of the ring rail and fixed to the said rail, and an oil jet screw in an oil hole communicating from ice 78,124 785 J 124 785,124 the said channel to each ring position, The meter jet may be provided with a characterised in that the said jet screws also filter and a non-return valve is required, to act as fixing means for the oil channel prevent dirty oil or water from the surface member of the ring from running back into the oil S; Reference should now be made to the channel.

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* GB785125 (A)

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Description: GB785125 (A) ? 1957-10-23

A system for effecting automatic control of a vehicle variable-speed powertransmission mechanism

Description of GB785125 (A)

:'-' _=_ t ( _ -;, 4,, . PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor:-CLIFFORD FRANK MAY. Date of filing Complete Specification: Feb 2, 1956. Application Date: Feb 14, 1955 No 4276155. Complete Specifidation Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 80 ( 2), D 3 (A: C). International Classification:-F 06 h. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. A System for Effecting Automatic Control of a Vehicle VariableSpeed Power Transmission Mechanism. We, JOSEPH LUCAS (INDUSTRIES) LIMITED, of Great King Street, in the City of Birmingham 19, a British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention has for its object to provide in a simple form a system for effecting automatic control of a variable-speed vehicle power transmission mechanism. A system in accordance with the invention comprises the combination of a plurality of electromagnet means for actuating the several gear-changing components of the mechanism, a controlling relay in association with each of such means, a switch for controlling each relay, an electromagnetic means which includes a moving coil for effecting successive actuations of the relay-controlling switches, a current generator adapted to produce a voltage which varies with the speed of the vehicle, and a variable resistance under the control of the engine accelerator pedal for regulating the current supplied from the generator to the moving coil. In one example, as illustrated by the accompanying diagram, and applicable to a 3-speed gear, any appropriate electromagnetic actuating means (as indicated by a) is provided in association with

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each of the movable gear-changing components of the gear Each of these means is controlled by an electromagnetic relay b Each relay comprises an electromagnet c which may have connected to it a resistance d, and a switch e operable by the electromagnet for controlling the current required by the gearchanging means Further each electromagnet c is controlled by a switch consisting lPrice 3 s 6 d l in part of a spring blade f or a springloaded pivoted blade, carrying contact pieces g and situated between a pair of fixed contact pieces h, one of which serves to short 45 circuit the relay electromagnet, and the other of which is in series with the relay switch. Current is supplied to the gear-changing means and the relays from a common source, which may be a battery i 50 In association with the relay-controlling switches is provided an electromagnetic actuating means This comprises a perman-ent magnet j, and a moving coil k which is mounted with freedom of angular move 55 ment in the air gap between the poles of the said magnet and is loaded by a spring m, a radial arm n, adapted to actuate the blades f of the relay-control switches For supplying current to the moving coil there is pro 60. vided a direct or an alternating current generator o to be driven by any convenient part of the power system of the vehicle the speed of which is related to vehicle speed, and such that the voltage generated by it is 65 variable with that speed When an alternating current generator is employed, a rectifier p is provided between it and the moving coil k In either case a variable resistance q, is provided between the 70 generator and coil, the resistance being variable by a connection with the engine accelerating pedal. When the vehicle is at rest, the relay switches e are open, and both of the relay 75 electromagnets c are short-circuited by the relay controlling switches When starting the vehicle, the first speed gear is brought into action by the driver in the usual manner In this condition the movable 80 blade f of the controlling switch of the first relay (the left hand one in the diagram) is 7854125 785,125 held in the short-circuiting position by the arm N associated with the moving coil k. When a given increased speed is attained, the moving coil moves the said arm out of contact with the said blade and allows it to move to its other position in which it closes the circuit containing the contacts of the associated relay switch Current then passes to the electromagnet of the relay causing the relay switch e to be closed and thereby enabling current to pass to the gear changing means a, so causing the gear to be changed from first speed to second speed With further increase of speed, the continued movement of the arm N of the moving coil k carries it into contact with the blade f of the controlling switch of the second relay (the right hand one in the

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diagram), and moves it from its short-circuiting position to that in which it allows current to pass to the associated relay electromagnet c With the consequent closing of the relay switch e, current passes to the gear changing means a causing the gear to be changed from second to third speed In this action the first relay is rendered inoperative, through a switch (not shown) associated with the gear change mechanism. With fall of speed the above described sequence of operations is reversed, and at all times the required gear changes occur automatically with increasing or decreasing vehicle speed. The invention is applicable in essentially the same manner to gears adapted to give 35 a larger range of gear changes, by providing an appropriate number of relays and relaycontrolling switches.

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* GB785126 (A)

Description: GB785126 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to gyroscope caging devices

Description of GB785126 (A)

COMPLETE SPECllPIOATION lmprovements- in or relating to Gyroscope Caging Devices We, S. SMITH & SONS (ENGLAND) IBSITED, a British Company, of Crickle- wood Works, Cricklewood, jondon,N-.W .2, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The present invention relates to a caging device for a gyroscope having two precessional degrees of freedom.

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The function of such a caging device is to bring the usual inner gimbal ring (or its equivalent, for example a rotor casing) into a predetermined caged position relative to the outer gimbal (usually one of orthogonality) and to bring the outer gimbal ring into a predetermined, caged, position relative to the structure to which it is (pivotally) attached It is the object of the present invention to provide a caging device which is simple and relatively compact. According to the present invention a gyroscope caging device comprises a first cam member on the inner gimbal ring, said first cam member having an operative contour lying in the plane passing through the Quter gimbal axis normal to the inner gimbal axis and formed with an inwardly-directed depression, a first plunger whose line of action coincides with the outer gimbal axis, said first plunger being normally spaced away from the first -cam member but being adapted to be forced into contact with the operative contour thereof, the inner gimbal ring being located in the desired caged position relative to the outer gimbal ring when the plunger is at the vertex of the depression, and means to cage the outer gimbal ring about the outer gimbal axis. Preferably the means to cage the outer gimbal ring comprise a second cam member on the outer gimbal ring and surrounding the outer gimbal axis, a second plunger whose line of action is parallel to but displaced from the outer gimbal axis3 said second plunger being adapted to be forced into contact with the operative contour of the second cam, the said contour having a depression in the direction of the line of action of the second plunger, the outer gi:nLbal ring being located in its caged position when the second plunger is at the vertex of the depression. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the lines of action of any plunger must make an angle with the tangent to the cam corresponding contour at the point of contact which is less than 90 minus the appropriate angle of friction. However, the shape of each cam is preferably such that this angle is only slightly less than 90 minus the appropriate angle of friction. Preferably the operative contour of each cam member is symmetrical about the line of action of the appropriate plunger when the plunger is at the vertex of the depression. It will be appreciated that the ideal shape for the first cam contour would comprise portions of two similar but opposite-handed equiangular spirals described about the intersection bf the gimbal axes. In most practical cases, where the gyroscope is only required to be moved through a maximum angle of about45 during caging about the inner gimbal axis, a sufficiently good approximation may be provided by two

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similar arcs of circles described about suitably offset centres, but for-larger caging angles, up to the maximum of 90 , the apprbsi7na- tion provided by such circular arcs is not satisfactory. Similarly thF ideal shape for the contour of the second cam will comprise portions of two similar but opposite handed - helices described - about the outer gimbal axis. A gyroscope having two precessioha degrees of freedom and provided with a caging device in accordance with the pre sent invention will now be described with reference'to the accompanying drawings, of which:- Figure 1 shows a view of the instru ment partially in section. Figure 2 shows a developed view of the profile of one of the cams appearing in Figure 1. The gyroscope has an electrically-driven rotor 1 mounted inside a hollow casing 2, more or less cylindrieal in form, which also constitutes the inner gimbal. Casing 2 is pivotally mounted by mean of bear ings 3 in an outer gimbal 4. Gimbal 4 is in turn mounted in a housing 5 by means of bearings -6 and plates 7 and 8 which are spigotted together. Various conventional devices such as a torque motor 9 (with stator attached to plate 8 and rotor attached to gimbal 4), a pick-off, mounted in a somewhat similar fashion indicated at 10 and a further pick-off (not shown) with its relatively movable parts mounted respectively one the inner and outer gimbals are provided. Gimbal 4 is -capable of making eom- plete rotation about its bearing axes. so slip rings, indicated at 11, are provided to enable electrical connection to be estab lished to the gyro driving motor etc. Co-operating stops 12 on the inner and outer gimbals limit rotation about the inner gimbal, in the example shown, to an arc of about +45. As far described the gyroscope is

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quite conventional. In accordance with the invention a cam plate 1-3- is attached to the rotor casing 2, its profile lying in the plane of the rotor spin- axis and the outer gimbal axis The profile is in the approximate form of parts of two similar equi-angular sprirals having equations respectively of the form r-a exp-(m#) r=a exp(--mO) 2' being the distance of a point on the con tour from the intersection of the gimbal axes, a and sn being constants, 8 being the angle between the radius veetor from the intersection to the point and the outer gimbal axis when the gyro is in the caged position, the two parts of spirals meeting on the -outer gimbal asis (as shown in Zigure -1) when the gyro its caged A small notch, 13z is formed at that point. 13 are ing 6 is hollow, and a first plunger 14 extends through it, the line of action of the plunger 14 coinciding with the outer gimbal- asis. -The-constant "m", men tioned above, is rather greater than the coefficient of friction between the end of plunger- 14 and the profile of cam plate 13, -so that the cam may slide relative to the plunger. A sufficiently close approxima- tion to the spiral form can be obtained, for relatively small angles of up to about 45 , by giving the profile the form of two arcs bf circles with centres suitably offset from the inner gimbal a-sis. A second channel form, cam is is attached to the outer gimbal ring 5, lying outside bear ing 6 and in the general form of two similar portions of opposite-handed helices centred on the outer gimbal asis. Cam 15 may be engaged by a second plunger 16, moving parallel to the first plunger 14. A developed view of the pro file of cam 15 is shown in Figure 2, the profile being seen to be in the general form of a pair of inclined straight lines,

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with a depression 15a;, at the innermost junction of the straights lines and an upstanding resilient part, 15b, at the outermost. The angle between these lines and the line of action of plunger 16 is rather less than 90 minus the angle of friction between them, that is to say, the tangent of the angle "?" in Figure 2 is rather-greater than the co-efficient of fric tion. Cam 15 is so located that when the plunger 16 is seated in depression 15a the gyroscope is caged in the desired position about the outer gimbal axis. Plungers 14 and 16 are located by guide holes in plate - 7. Both plungers are mounted upon a carrier 17 positioned by the plunger 18 of a solenoid 19. Plunger 14 is loaded by a spring-indicated at 14a, but plunger 16 is solidly attached to carrier 17. Plunger 18 is loaded by means of a spring indi cated at 18a. An insulated projection 17a on carrier 17 closes a pair of contacts 21 when the plunger 18 approaches its fully protruded position. Solenoid 19 is carried on - an adjustable mounting, rigidly attached to plate 7. In the normal operating condition solenoid 19 is de-energised so that plungers 14 and 16 are respectively clear of the cor responding cams 13 and 15. To cage the gyroscope solenoid 19 is -anergised, whereupon the plungers engage with the corresponding cams and the gyro- scope is brought to a position in which the -plungers are seated in the depressions. If the rotor is not spinning, the plunger tips slide over the respective cams in an obvious manner. If the rotor is spinning, -and the gyroscope is displaced away from the catgd position about both - axes, upon energisation of they solenoid the plungers make contact with their respective cams. The gyroscope then precesses until plunger 16 seats in depression 15a and sub

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sequently plunger 14 is seated in depres sion 18--a -under the loading of spring 14a. - iTpon completion of caging., or rather just prior to such completion, contactsW are closed, their closure being utilised to initiate operation of an indicating or warning device. The function of the upstanding resilient part 15b of the profile of cam 15 is to ensure that if the gyroscope is exactly tE0; away from its caged position plunger 16 engages with one.or other of the sloping parts of the cam profile, and does not stop in a dead-centre position. Conveniently plate 7 may be made rotatable about the outer gimbal taxi. so that the gyroscope, when in its caged condition, may be set in any desired position about that axis. - What we claim is :-- 1. Agyroscope caging device comprising a -first cam member on the inner gimbal ring, said first cam member having an operative contour lying in the plane passing through the outer gimbal axis normal to the inner gimbal axis and formed with an inwardly-directed depression a first plunger whose line of action coincides with the outer gimbal axis, said first plunger being normally spaced away from the ffrst cam member but being adapted to be forced into contact with the operative contour thereof, the inner gimbal ring being located in the caged posi tion relative to the outer gimbal ring when the plunger is at the vertex of the depression and means to cage the outer gimbal ring about the outer gimbal taxis. 2. A device as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the means to cage the outer gimbal ring comprise a second cam member Cn the outer gimbal ring having an operative contour surrounding the outer gimbal axis, a second plunger whose line of action is parallel to but displaced from the outer gimbal axis, said second plunger being adapted-to be-force-d- into contact with the operative contour of the second cam the said contour having a depressionin the direction of the line of action of the second plunger, the outer gimbal ring being located in its caged position when the second plunger is at the vertex of the depression. 3. A device as claimed in Claim 1 or 2 wherein the line of action of a plunger makes an angle with the corresponding cam contour at the points of contact which is slightly less than90 minus the appropriate angles of friction. 4. A device as claimed in Claim 1, 2or 3 wherein the contour of a cam member is symmetrical about the line of action of the appropriate plunger when the plunger is at the vertex of the depression. 5. A device as claimed in Claim 4 wherein the first cam contour comprises substantially portions of two similar but opposite-handed equi-angular spirals described about the intersection of the gimbal

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axes. (i. A device as claimed in Claim 4 for use in conjunction with a gyroscope required to be moved through a maximum angle of about +45 during caging, wherein the cam contour comprises two arcs of circles described about centres offset from the inner gimbal axis. 7. A device as claimed in Claim 2, or in any of Claims 3 to 6, as dependent on Claim 2, wherein the contour of the second cam comprises portions of two similar but opposite-handed helices described about the outer gimbal axis. 8. A device as claimed in (Claim 7 wherein the contour of the second cani has an upstanding resilient part spaced 1,80 away from the depression formed therein. 9. A device as claimed in Claim 2 or in any of Claims 3 to 9 as dependent upon Claim 2 wherein the plungers are mounted upon a carrier movable in the direction of the outer gimbal axis. 10. A device as claimed in-Claim 9 wherein the first plunger is springmounted on the carrier. 11. A device as claimed in Claim 9 or 10 wherein the carrier may be rotated about the outer gimbal axis. 12. A- device as claimed in any of Claims 7 to 11 wherein the carrier is actuated by a solenoid. 13. A device as claimed in any of Claims 9 to 12 wherein means are provided to indicate when the carrier is ina position corresponding to a caged condition of the gyroscope. 14. A caging device for a gyroscope substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings. PItOVISIONAL SPECIFICATION Improvemerllts in or relating to Gyroscope Caging Devices We, S. SMITH & SONS (13ENGLAND) IEMITDD, a British Company, of Orickle- wood Works, Criclrlewood, London,N.W.2, do hereby declare this invention to be described in the following statement:- -. The present invention relates to a caging device for gyroscopes having two precessional degrees of freedom. The fuhction of such a caging device is to bring the usual inner gimbal ring (or

* GB785127 (A)

Description: GB785127 (A) ? 1957-10-23

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Improvements in or relating to methods of distilling commercial glycerolliquors

Description of GB785127 (A)

l-';z,{::,-7>, PATENT SPECIFIATION PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March 18, 1955. . E ' F 785,127 No 8031/55 FA / Application made in France on March 19, 1954 Complete Specification Published: October 23, 1957 Index at acceptance:-Class 32, B 3 (B:F); B 5 F. International Classification:-B Old. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Methods of Distilling Commercial Glycerol Liquors We, SAVONNERIE ET MANUFACTURE DE PRODUITS CHIMIQUES DE PORT-AL'ANGLAIS ETABLISSEMENTS BRETON & STEINBACH, a Franch body corporate, of 1012, rue Edith-Cavell, Vitry-sur-Seine (Seine), France, do hereby declare the, invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- The present invention aims at improving the methods of distilling commercial glycerols with a view to reduce costs in the different operations yielding the end or distilled product. According to the invention there is provided a method of extracting glycerol from commercial aqueous glycerine liquors havng a lower glycerol content than usual commercial raw concentrated glycerols, in which the aqueous glycerine liquor is distilled continuously or semi-continuously in a vessel maintained under reduced pressure, by injecting the liquor into; a hot pool of concentrated liquor in the vessel, or by projecting the liquor against a hot wall of the vessel, the conditions of temperature and pressure in either case being maintained such that rapid vaporization of the bulk of the liquor occurs, leaving only a saline slurry as residue. Moreover, this invention is concerned with various commercial apparatus for carrying out the method broadly set forth hereinGlycerol vapour weight p steam weight wherein 92 and 18 are the molecular weights of glycerol and water, respectively. The raw glycerol supplied to the distillation still is commercially available in the two following forms:1 glycerols called 80 % lyes,

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lPrice Ss 6 d l above 35 The advantages of this invention will become apparent from the detailed description hereafter if reference is made to the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 is a comparative table of data, 40 Figure 2 is a graph illustrating the table of Figure 1, Figures 3, 4 and 5 illustrate diagrammatically three different types of industrial apparatus for producing glycerol according to 45 the method of this invention. The boiling point of pure glycerol at atmospheric pressure is 290 C but its decomposition begins at about 200 C Consequently, the distillation of glycerol should 50 be effected either under high vacuum or by carrying over the glycerol in vacuo by means of superheated steam This second method is most frequently employed on a commercial scale Now the quantities of steam utilized 55 in injection form are very considerable and may even equal or exceed the quantity of, glycerol to be distilled By way of indication the table of Fig 1 and the graph of Fig 2 taken from the book entitled "Glycerol" by 60 C Miner and N Dalton show at different temperatures the weight percentage and the partial pressure of glycerol of water and glycerol mixtures under an absolute vacuum of 60 mm of mercury 65 These two characteristics are closely related to each other by the approximate following formula: artial pressure of glycerol partial steam pressure 92 x 2 glycerols of the 88 % saponification type. Due allowance being made for the foreign substances (such as inorganic salts and or 80 ganic substances), the residual moisture content of these raw materials is of the order of Rrice,,t a few percents Now they both derive from sight, is rather unpractical however on the the concentration by evaporation of indust following grounds:-since thermal transfers rial glycerinized liquors the glycerol content between gases and vapours are restricted in of which varies from 3 to 20 % Now the a vacuumized enclosure, a proper applicamanufacturer of raw glycerols has to supply i tion of ths operation would make it neces 70 energy in the form of heat to bring these sary that the glycerinized liquor itself carried products to a low residual moisture content, along the heat required for its evaporation and on the other hand the glycerol distiller -before it penetrates into the expansion chamreintroduces into the still a relatively substan ber Assuming an expansion taking place at tial quantity of injection steam the produc 160 'C and admitting the approximate values 75 tion of which has required an additional heat of 350 kilogram-calorie or large calories for consumption the vaporizing heat and 0 8 large calorie for An attempt at avoiding this economical an the mean specific heat of the liquor, the latter omaly has already been made In certain should be previously heated to the following methods now employed in the

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glycerol in approximate temperature: 80 dustry the distillation steam from the raw 350 glycerol evaporator is superheated and sub 160 + = 160 + 437 = 5970 C, sequently used as injection steam in the dis 0 8 tillation still; however, this procedure offers which is unfeasible. 2 Q the following drawbacks: (B) The glycerinized liquor, heated be 85 1 A perfectl timing between the concent forehand to the maximum temperature conration and distilation steps is required sistent with industrial conditions and with a 2 The steam output of conventional in proper preservation of the product, is abdustrial evaporators is quite variable accord ruptly projected into an enclosure in vacuo ing to the proportions of its contents; its or into a fixed liquid bath acting as a heat 90 maximum value is attained when the glycer exchanger It is conceivable, for example, in inized liquor is the weakest, and this value an enclosure or container under operative disdecreases progressively as the strength in tillation conditions, to abruptly project a creases It varies currently in the ratio of glycerinized liquor into or on a mercury bath 5 to 1 between the extreme limits heated to a temperature higher than, or equal 95 3 Many manufacturers of raw glycerols to, the distillation temperature This theoretiare not distillers, and vice-versa cally feasible solution is attended by a serious In view of the foregoing and also of the inconvenience: the residual impurities (orfact that in high-concentration zones (i e ganio impurities and inorganic salts) con40 % and more) the yields attained by indus stituting the distillation residue would rapidly 100 =trial evaporators are the lowest, it occurred soil the heating bath so that the latter would to the Applicant that a glycerinized liquor require a frequent cleaning By way of having a still relatively high water content example, a commercial glycerol called lye could be subjected to a direct distillation in glycerol, titrating from 40 to 50 % of glycerol, vacuo This implies the following require has a usual content of 12 to 15 % of inorganic 105 ments: salts However, this solution becomes definI The glycerinized liquor must be itely feasible if the heating bath consists of brought to distillation conditions (high tem glycerol taken from the product to be treated : perature and vacuum values) instantaneously, and recovered by distillation at the end of not progressively, otherwise a simple concent the process Table 1 indicates for example 110 ration due to the evaporation of its water con that the composition of the vapours is as foltents would occur lows at 1700 under absolute vacuum ( 60 mm II This operation must be effected as a of Hg): continuous or semi-continuous process, due Glycerol: 56 23 % to its instantaneity Water: 43 77 % 115 In practice the operation may be carried As the supply of glycerinized liquor at this out on a commercial scale according to the glycerol and water content has begun

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before following alternatives: the enclosure has attained operative condi(A) According to a generally known tions, for example at a definitely lower temmethod employed for other purposes and perature, a residue of non-distilled glycerol 120 called flash-distillation, the glycerinized develops the volume of which is controllable liquor, whether previously heated or not, is by the operator In other words, as the suddenly expanded in an enclosure in vacuo operation begins the still operates as a simple at a temperature equal to or higher than the evaporator The supply is discontinued when distillation temperature Thus, the projected the glycerol residue seems to be sufficient, 125 liquor is suddenly volatilized, and the water and resumed when the temperature and presand glycerol vapours carried along to feed sure values correspond to the feed liquor condensers while the fixed residue settles in vaporisation conditions, i e 170 'C under 60 the expansion chamber proper mm of Hg Under these conditions, the This solution, although attractive at first glycerol residue remains permanently in the 13 G 785,127 785,127 distillation enclosure so as to act as a heat transfer medium After the entire charge has distilled completely the glycerol residue still present in the apparatus is removed by injecting the quantity of water or steam required for distilling this residue under the operative conditions or, better still, in order to avoid a useless heat consumption, by injecting a suitable quantity of low-content glycerinized water. (C) The glycerinized liquor, heated beforehand to the maximum temperature consistent with industrial possibilities and a proper preservation of the product, is pro( 5 jected into an enclosure in vacuo against a solid heat-transfer wall adapted to convert it almost instantaneously into vapour To carry out this method on a commercial scale obviously requires a permanent scraping or :20 cleaning of the heat-transfer wall. A few practical and preferred embodiments of industrial apparatus adapted for carrying out the method of this invention are described hereafter; however, they should not 325 be construed as limiting the scope of this invention as they are given solely by way of example. The apparatus illustrated in Fig 3 is designed for carrying out the alternate method set forth hereinabove in paragraph (B) and is adapted to treat a glycerinized liquor consisting of a diluted saponification glycerol having a moderate content of ash and organic substances. This apparatus comprises a still 1 the lower portion of which is provided with a tapping valve 2 It is heated by means of a steam coil located in its lower portion and accessorily by a double jacket in which steam or another heating fluid is circulated. The cylindrical body of the still is heated externally by any suitable means (for example a surrounding steam coil or a jacket in which a

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heating fluid is circulated) so that no steam condensation may occur therein. The vapour discharging elbow 3 has the minimum length and is carefully heat-insulated A liquid/vapour separator 4 of any convenient design is provided for retaining the entrained liquid carried along or projected, and returning same into the body of the apparatus On the other hand the still is provided with a glazed sight-hole 5 and a level-gauge 6; the still may be fed either through a pipe equipped with a large-output cock 7 or through a pipe provided with a nozzle 8 of any suitable design. When the operation is initiated the inner space of the apparatus is put under vacuum 0 and the still filled with glycerinized liquor until the heating coil is completely immersed. Then the heating steam is progressively introduced and the liquor concentrated according to the usual operative procedure While maintaining the level to a constant value by means of a fresh supply of liquor, the temperature is progressively raised, as the liquor concentrates, up to a value equal to or slightly in excess of the distillation temperature of the feed liquor under the still pres 70 sure i e for example under 60 mm of Hg (curve 2): C if the liquor has a 10 % glycerol content 1430 C if the liquor has a 20 % glycerol 75 c ontent 159 CC if the liquor has a 40 % glycerol content 1660 C if the liquor has a 50 % glycerol content 80 Then the liquor to be distilled is introduced through the injector or nozzle 8 with an input adjusted according to the evaporation capacity of the apparatus As this liquor encounters the hot pool of concentrated glycerol it 85 vaporises immediately and if the temperature and feed requirements are strictly adhered to, the vapour mixture undergoing distillation will have the same composition as the input or feed liquor For a predetermined 90 vacuum value a too high temperature would cause the high-glycerol bottom mass to partially distill and the level would be lowered, whereas a too low temperature would increase the volume By accurately adjusting 95 the distillation conditions, whether automatically or not, the free surface of glycerol will be maintained to a constant level However, it may be pointed out that the temperature to be maintained should be higher than 100 ' that theoretically contemplated due to the slight glycerol reflux issuing from the separator 4 and flowing back into the apparatus. The injector or nozzle 8 is supplied with a liquid either heated or at room temperature, 105 and under a pressure higher than, equal to, or slightly lower than the atmospheric pressure If the injector is immersed in the heating bath it is possible to extend more or less the length of the inlet pipe, for example in 110 the form of coil turns, in the bath It is also possible to preheat the liquor by causing same

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to flow through one of the glycerol condensers of the installation Thus, in the case of a 30 % glycerol, the vaporising tempera 115 ture of glycerol being about 200 calories ( 800 B.T U), the mean specific heat of the liquor about 0 85 calorie, the glycerol condensation alone will make it possible to pre-heat the feed liquor by 700 C 120 When the run has been completed or the glycerol pool deemed unsuitable for continuing the operation on account of its becoming excessively soiled with organic substances and/or ashes, the liquor supply will be dis 125 continued and the remaining glycerol distilled by injecting water, steam or, still better, glycerol diluted in water, so as to avoid any undue waste of heat Under these conditions, the glycerol residue will be carried over al 130 1 1 11 i 1 i i most completely In or just before this last step of the process it is advisable to allow the residue level to rise above the required or usual level so that the heating coil be completely immersed The distillation sediments are removed through the large-diameter valve 2. The apparatus shown in Fig 4 is intended for carrying out the process described in paragraph B hereinabove and adapted to treat a glycerinized liquor consisting of a diluted glycerol deriving from dyes This apparatus is particularly suitable for removing the substantial inorganic residues resulting from the distillation of glycerols from lyes Of course, it is also adapted to distill the so-called saponification glycerols. Elements 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of this apparatus are the same as the corresponding parts of the apparatus illustrated in fig 3, but this installation is completed by another glazed sight-hole 5 ' located at the bottom of the lower tapered portion of the still, and it comprises in addition a slurry extraction device 9, a centifugal or static drying device 10 and, if required, a liquid pump 11. The operation is commenced as in the case of the apparatus of fig 3, but from the very beginning of the operation a saline slurry deposits in the bottom of the lower tapered portion of the still, as may be observed through the glazed sight-hole 5 ' The upper level of this sediment is maintained within the range of vision through this sighthole 5 ' by removing any excess slurry through the extractor 9, and the liquid level is simultaneously kept to a constant -value by providing an adequate supply of glycerinized liquor When the glycerol pool is sufficiently concentrated the temperature of the apparatus is progressively raised until the distillation temperature -of the feed -liquor is attained The process is continued as in the case of the preceding apparatus but the saline slurry depositing in the bottom of the lower cone of the still is extracted continuously during the run by means of extractor 9 which transfers this slurry to the drying apparatus 10 in which it is dried and washed by the glycerinized feed

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liquor itself The resulting salt contains but low percentages of glycerol and may be re-used The glycerinized feed liquor enriched with the glycerol extracted from the salt during the washing operation is transferred to the feed injector 8 either by the simple suction produced in the apparatus or by means of a pump 11. Obviously, _ under these conditions, the glycerol recovered in the washing step and consequently the bottom mass filling the lower cone will become loaded with soluble impurities, particularly organic substances. When this bottom mass is deemed unsuitable for a proper continuation of the operation, the glycerol residue will be removed by injecting water, steam or water containing diluted glycerol, as in the case of the apparatus of fig 3. The operation of this type of apparatus calls for a few remarks Obviously, the ex 7 a traction system 9 can be dispensed with if the saline slurry down-pipe has a barometric height which, considering the density of the slurry, represents from 20 to 23 feet On the other hand, in the first part of the distillation 75 process a considerable quantity of glycerol is carried along by the, saline slurry, thereby reducing the volume of the bottom mass in the still, until the saline slurry enters the drying device 10 During this initial phase it is 80 ' therefore necessary to maintain the temperature in the apparatus above its rated ternperature, so that the vapours have a glycerol concentration lower than that of the feed liquor, the excess compensating the losses 85 caused by the tapping effected through the cock 2. In the apparatus illustrated in fig 5 and designed in accordance with the description in paragraph C hereinabove, the sudden in 90 O crease in temperature of the glycerinized liquor forced into the still results from the projection of this liquor against a heated wall. As in the case of the previously described apparatus it is possible with the apparatus of 95 fig 5 to treat glycerinized liquors consisting of glycerols from diluted lyes having -a strong content of inorganic residue This apparatus comprises a cylindrical still body 1 heated externally by circulating a heating fluid This 10 G body 1 is provided at its lower portion with a large-size draining cock 2 and at its upper portion with a discharge elbow 3 through which the distillation vapours are released, a separator 4 being associated with this 105 J elbow 3 One or a plurality of glazed sightholes 5 are provided, one sight-hole being located in the lower cone of the still so as to permit the proper checking of the operation of the apparatus A rotary scraper 12 in 110 ' the form of an Archimedean screw is provided in the still to constantly keep the evaporation surface in a status of sufficent cleanliness; the shaft of this scraper 12 is

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hollow and acts as a supply pipe to one or more nozzles 115 13 for projecting the glycerinized liquor to be treated. The principle of the operation consists in bringing the body of the still to the temperature and pressure adequate for vaporizing 12 G. the feed liquor Of course, the ideal conditions would be that the wall of the apparatus were at such a temperature that the glycerol and water in the pulverized liquid were volatilized immediately, the residue of 125 ' organic and inorganic substances alone remaining on the wall of the apparatus In fact, experience proves that if the complete volatilization of the glycerol in a single run were required, this would lead to the carrying 130; 785,127 785,127 along of considerable quantities of organic commercial aqueous glycerine liquors having impurities likely to exert a noxious influence a lower glycerol content than usual commeron the quality of the distilled glycerol On cial raw concentrated glycerols, in which the the other hand, the continuous removal of a aqueous glycerine liquor is distilled continudry residue would be attended by difficulties ously or semi-continuously in a vessel main 70 regarding the keeping of the apparatus under tained under reduced pressure, by injecting vacuum conditions Consequently; it is at the liquor into a hot pool of concentrated tempted to effect but a partial volatilization liquor in the vessel, or by projecting the 1 of the glycerol, the saline slurry residue be liquor against a hot wall of the vessel, the ing scraped continuously and directed to conditions of temperature and pressure in 75 wards the drain cock 2 where an extraction either case being maintained such that rapid device 9, a drying device 10 and a pump 11 vaporization of the bulk of the liquor-occurs; identical with the corresponding elements de leaving only a saline slurry as residue. scribed in the preceding example will trans 2 Method according to claim 1 for treatfer, wash and re-cycle the glycerol to be re ing glycerinized liquors of the so-called 80 covered by washing the slurry residues saponification type, wherein the preliminary This apparatus calls for the following re concentration of said glycerinized liquor is marks: as the heating surface must be very limited or even totally avoided. scraped continuously to remove any 3 Method according to claim 1 for ganic residue therefrom, it is necessary to treating glycerinized liquor of the so-called 85 give a simple geometric shape thereto; in lye-type, wherein the concentration is carried the example described this shape is cylin out to a content of about 40 %, said concentrical, but it is also possible to contemplate ration thus eliminating the major portion of the use of a cone-shaped still or a still hav the inorganic salts still present in the glycering any inner surface adapted to be scraped inized liquor 90 In all cases the heat-transfer

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surface is rela 4 Method according to claim 1 wherein tively small with respect to the volume of the said hot pool consists of glycerol produced apparatus Therefore, any other factors being during a preliminary step in which a certain unchanged, and particularly given equal quantity of glycerinized liquor introduced involumes or capacities, an apparatus accord to said enclosure is progressively heated to 95 ing to fig 5 has a lower output than an ap the temperature of operation while it conparatus according to fig 4 even if it is pro centrates in the bottom of the enclosure. vided with a powerful heating coil 5 Method according to claims 1 and 4 The glycerol content of the liquor to be wherin said glycerinized liquor to be vapordistilled according to the method of this in ized is introduced into the bottom of said 100 vention is limited only by economical factors enclosure through a pipe forming several coil In the case of the so-called saponfication turns immersed in the glycerol bath. glycerols, liquors of any contents may be 6 Method according to claims 1 and 4 treated, the method permitting for ex wherein the introduction of glycerinized ample to distil a glycerinized liquor contain liquor is replaced at the end of the opera 105 ing 10 % of glycerol at 130 'C under 60 mm of tion by the supply of a certain quantity of Hg, which would not be possible with the vapour water or of a diluted glycerinized hitherto known methods, as the cost of liquor in view of recovering by vaporisation using 9 parts of injection vapours for I the glycerol content of the glycerol bath. part of glycerol would be prohibitive 7 Method according to claim 1 for treat 110 In the case of the so-called lye glycerols, it ing glycerinized liquors from soap manuis preferable to heat the liquid to evaporation facture lyes, wherein the apparatus utilized temperature to a preliminary content of 40 %, is completed by a device of the continuouslyin order to eliminate the greater portion of operating type adapted to free the slurries SO the dissolved inorganic salts building up in the bottom of the enclosure, 115 The upper limit exclusively of the glycerol to recover the glycerol from these slurries and content is that of raw commercial glycerols discharge the exhausted slurries. of 88 % saponification-type and of the 80 % 8 Method according to claims 1 and 7, lye-type, but no economical advant wherein said heated wall consists of the inage whatsoever will justify such a high pre ner lateral walls of the enclosure, the glycer 120 liminary concentration inized liquor being projected there-against Of course, the above-defined installations by nozzles radially mounted on a rotary holmust be completed on an industrial scale by low shaft carrying a scraper adapted to force fractionated condensation stages for extract

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the slurries downwardly to the bottom of the ing the glycerol proper The arrangement of enclosure wherefrom they are detached by 125 these stages, already known per se, forms no said continuously-operating device which also part of this invention and therefore is neither recovers the glycerol and discharges the exdescribed nor illustrated herein hausted slurries.

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