ICIC 2016: Tutorial: Searching for Information – the Classical Way with Key Words and Classification compared with a Semantic Approach

© 2014 WissensWert Seminare Dr. Kirch-Verfuß© 2016 WissensWert Seminare Dr. Kirch-Verfuß

WissensWert Tutorial

Searching for Information –

The Classical Way with Key Words

and Classification compared with

a Semantic Approach


About WissensWert Consulting

We provide expert support in the field of patent information:

• Patent searching in the field of chemistry, engineering, materials

(metalls, polymers, paper, textiles)

• Consultancy in the selection / implementation of patent information

databases / software

• Training on all issues of patent information in German and English,

as open seminars and webinars as well as inhouse, subjects are

worldwide free patent databases, basic searching, professional

searching, patent classification, legal status, citations, results

processing, and more)

www.wissenswert-seminare.de

Phone 02361-9040-273 Mail [email protected]

2


How to deliver parcels – past and present

3

parcelauditpros.com

dpaKeystone


How to deliver parcels – past and present

4

parcelauditpros.com

dpa

Shutterstock

DHL


How to deliver parcels – the future

www.starship.xyz

amazon


How to deliver parcels – the futurewww.dpdhl.com/de/presse/mediathek/fotos/dhl_paketkopter_strand.html

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/


… The company’s drone program, which many in the tech

press dismissed as a marketing gimmick, is central to its

future; drones could be combined with warehouses manned

by robots and trucks that drive themselves to unlock a

new autonomous future for Amazon.


Google‘s answer on „drone delivery“

About 10.800.000 results (0,62 sec)

• Amazon Prime Air - Amazon.com

We're excited about Prime Air — our future delivery system ...

• Delivery drone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• The Economics of Drone Delivery – Flexport (global logistics)

Drones currently perform poorly on the economic aspects of

last-mile delivery ...

• Domino's Pizza Is One Step Closer to Drone Delivery – Fortune

… it hopes to be the world's first commercial drone delivery service

• Drone Delivery Canada (technology firm)

We are pioneering drone delivery technology for Canadian retailers …

8


Agenda

• Finding information –

an information specialist‘s task?

• What we get searching with words

• Classification for better findings

• Can we get around search query building?

• What is different with semantic searching?

• Matching the outcome of the approaches

9


The information specialist‘s answer

• Will take a bit longer

• Asking questions

• Working quietly in the back office

• Maybe asking more questions

• Again working quietly in the back office

• Finally coming out with a selection of appropriate

documents, much less than 10 million

10


Specification of the information request

Concepts

1. Drone

2. For transport of payload

3. For delivery of goods by logistics services

4. With a delivery device to lower the payload

and release it

11



1. Drone


3. For deliverying of goods

by logistics services

4. With a delivery device to

lower the payload using

a rope and to release it

1. Not a helicopter

12


A Drone not a helicopter

US 2009146010



1. Drone







1. Not a helicopter

2. Not for military or

emergency purpose

14


Transport of payload

but not life rings

or rescue ladders

US2012152654

WO16159481Life rings

Rescue

ladder



1. Drone







1. Not a helicopter


emergency purpose

3. Not for carrying a camera

16


Delivering of goods no surveillance services

www.globe-flight.de



1. Drone







1. Not a helicopter


emergency purpose

3. Not for carrying a camera

4. No delivery by dropping

the payload or by using

parachutes

18


Releasing the payload not using a parachute

19

US2016130001


Agenda








20


Free and fee-based information sources

• Free information sources

Search engines, specialized search engines Google patents, Google

scholar, Wikipedia, social media …

• Free patent databases

Espacenet, DEPATISnet …

• Host-based databases

STN, Proquest, WTI …

• Fee-based fulltext patent databases

Patbase, Orbit, TotalPatent, sem-ip, Invention Navigator…

• …


928177

578802

325989

210292

152662

6596542854 40308 35481 30342 25956 23040 16533 16135

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1000000

CN US JP KR EP DE IN RU CA BR AU UK FR MX

22

Estimation of patent languages

38%

32%

13%

8%

4%2%

1%

1%

1%

Chinese

English

Japanese

Korean

German

Russian

Portugese

French

Spanish

Publishing

languages

(estimated)

WIPO 2014


Search query – basis for a comprensive search

Adequate collection of search terms for each concept

of the subject in question – How can this be built up?

• Trial and error – Experience and imagination

• Sample documents

• Support tools: „old-fashioned“ like thesauri or

„modern“ like concept maps

23


Unmanned

aerial vehicles

© 2014 WissensWert Seminare Dr. Kirch-Verfuß© 2016 WissensWert Seminare Dr. Kirch-Verfuß 25

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delivery_drone

Unmanned

aerial vehicles


Word net – a lexical database of English

About WordNet from Princeton University

The main relation among words in WordNet is synonymy.

Synonyms are grouped into unordered sets (synsets),

each expressing a distinct concept.

Each of WordNet’s 117 000 synsets contains a brief

definition and is linked to other synsets by means of a

small number of “conceptual relations”.


http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu


WIPO Pearl – a multilingual terminology

Terminology portal built up by specialists in a controlled

process and comprising

• 29 subject fields

• 17.000 technical concepts

• 115.000 terms offered in up to ten languages:

• English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese

• Japanese, Chinese, Korean

• Russian, Arabic

www.wipo.int/reference/en/wipopearl/


Concept Map presenting 29 subject fields

Mouse over gives the

complete title of the

field and the

number of

concepts

therein

http://www.wipo.int/reference/en/wipopearl


Subject field Aeronautics &

Aerospace engineering

with its 9 Subfields

30

Aircraft types


Subfield Aircraft types

with its concepts


Questel

Orbit –

Keyword

search

wizard

32


Thesaurus

• A thesaurus is a controlled vocabulary with terms

connected by relations.

• Well known is the

MESH-Thesaurus, a

hierarchically-organized

terminology for

biomedical information.


INSPEC – Engineering database

The Inspec Database holds over 16 million abstracts

centred on the fields of physics, electronics, computing

and engineering.

Users are supported by specialised indexing and

a thesaurus.

34


INSPEC Thesaurus

Inspec Controlled Indexing Terms (Descriptors)

Controlled terms are indexing terms that are applied to

each document in the Inspec Database.

Controlled terms build a dynamic and evolving controlled

vocabulary of over 10,000 scientific terms arranged for

access in the Inspec Thesaurus.

35


INSPEC

Thesaurus

BT – broader term

TT – Top term

NT – narrower term

RT – related term

PT – partial term

CC – Classification

UF – used for

Concept family: Hierarchy:


INSPEC Descriptor search

37


INSPEC Descriptor search – Results


Not available in Google Scholar!

“Google’s project Wing currently takes a

different approach, using drones that take

off vertically, before turning horizontally for

flight. [...] The company has even patented

a delivery receptacle which winches the

parcel down to be stored securely.”


Specification of the information requirement

Concepts

1. Drone


3. For delivery of goods by logistics services

4. With a delivery device to lower the payload and

release it – winch

40


Simple search using Google patents

https://patents.google.com



US 9302770 B2

Payload-Release

Device and

Operation

Thereof

43


Abstract US9302770B2 Part 1

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is

disclosed that includes a retractable payload

delivery system. The payload delivery

system can lower a payload to the ground

using a delivery device that secures the

payload during descent and releases the

payload upon reaching the ground. […]


Support tools for search term collection

On the basis of a sample document further

search term collection is supported by

• counting words in the document

• depicting concepts from the document

• using third-party abstracts


SIP Invention

Navigator

Word statistics for

US 9302770

46



Orbit – Concepts in US9302770B2

48


Derwent Abstract

ADVANTAGE

[…] The device allows a payload delivery module to

cause a payload-release assembly to ascend/descend at

rates selected to encourage intuitive, safe and efficient

interaction between a payload delivery system and

people on the ground.

49


The concept drone – term collection

50

droneunmanned

pilotless

robotic

radio-controlled

automated

autonomous

aerial

air

flying

vehicle

aircraft

robot

UAV

The collection might

not be complete and

not all connections

are given.


Results of a fulltext searchperformed with Patbase

Concept 1. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. Step

Drone 24.500

7.900

2.450

1.900

Payload > 1 Mio

Delivery > 1 Mio

Winch > 1 Mio



Search result – example, not relevant

TOWABLE

AIR VEHICLE

US8646719


Results of a fulltext search

Concept 1. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. Step

Drone 24.500

7.900

2.450

1.900

Payload > 1 Mio

Delivery > 1 Mio

Winch > 1 Mio

Google 23.613 27


„Unmanned aircraft“

56 documents

Keyword

Analysis


B64D

EQUIPMENT FOR

FITTING

IN OR TO AIRCRAFT …

B64C

AEROPLANES;

HELICOPTERS

Classification Analysis


Searching with words – conclusion

• more terms per concept bigger result

higher recall, lower precision

• more concepts per query smaller result

lower recall, higher precision

• Check results for each single term and each single

concept better control of final result

• Check final results‘ quality using known documents

and analysis tools


Agenda








58


International Patent Classification (IPC)

The International Patent Classification

• is a patent classification scheme launched in 1968

• is a hierarchical system for grouping patents into

technical fields using 70.000 classification symbols

• is managed by the WIPO

• is subject to a yearly revision

59


45000

50000

55000

60000

65000

70000

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Nu

mb

er

of

IPC

sym

bo

ls

Development of the IPC system over time

2006 Reform des

IPC-Systems

1968 1974 2006 2010



International Patent Classification

B PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

B64 AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS

B64D EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT …

B64D1/00 Dropping, ejecting, releasing, or receiving articles,

liquids, or the like, in flight

B64D1/02 . Dropping, ejecting, or releasing articles

B64D1/08 . . the articles being load-carrying devices

B64D1/12 . . . Releasing

62





B64D EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT …

B64D9/00 Equipment for handling freight

63





B64C AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS

B64C39/00 Aircraft not otherwise provided for

B64C39/02 . characterised by special use

64


Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC)

The Cooperative Patent Classification

• is a new patent classification scheme launched in 2013

• is jointly managed by the EPO and the USPTO

• is an extension of the IPC with about 260.000 symbols

• is subject to a continuous revision process

• is allocated to about 50 % of all patents

65



Cooperative Patent Classification




B64C39/00 Aircraft not otherwise provided for

B64C39/02 . characterised by special use

B64C39/024 . . of the remote controlled vehicle type, i.e. RPV

B64C39/028 . . Micro-sized aircraft

67


Cooperative Patent Classification




B64C2201/00 Unmanned aerial vehicles; Equipment therefor

B64C2201/12 • adapted for particular use

B64C2201/128 • • for transporting goods other than bombs

68


Results of classification search

Meaning: Aircraft … IPC CPC

B64D1/12 … releasing articles 257 94

B64C39/02 … special use 3.682 344

B64C39/024 … remote controlled vehicle type --- 1.560

B64C39/028 … Micro-sized aircraft --- 126

B64D9/00 … handling freight 1.900 675

B64C2201/128 … UAV transporting goods --- 195

69


Results of a fulltext and classification search

Concept 1. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. Step 5. Step

Drone 24.500

7.900

2.450

1.900

Payload > 1 Mio

Delivery > 1 Mio

Winch > 1 Mio

Group of

classes5.800 252


HUMAN INTERACTION WITH UNMANNED

AERIAL VEHICLES (US9459620 – Amazon)

71


Restrictions for classification search

• Often IPC classification is not precise enough.

• Only about 50 % of the patents have a CPC which

might be more precise.

• For most patents only the invention is classified.

Any further technical information that might be

valuable is not regarded.

72


Agenda








73


Searching without query

Use one or several relevant documents and

advanced tools for

• Citation analysis

74


Patbase – Citation explorer – US9302770

75

Long Mission Tethered

Aerostat And Method

Of Accomplishing

(US2012091261)


Patbase – Citation explorer – US9302770

76

GUIDED LIFT SYSTEM

(US2016096623)


Ambercite Cluster Searching

Understand patent similarity by leveraging citations

from ~ 90 million patents to build a ‘network’,

also using indirect citations, …

www.ambercite.com




advanced tools for

• Citation analysis – less applicable for young

technologies

• Similarity search

78



Hover Delivery

of Cabin Payload

in Tilt-Rotor and

Tilt-Wing Aircraft

US20100171001

car



PLUG AND PLAY MULTIFUNCTION KIT FOR

REMOTE ROTORCRAFT (German utility model)

B64C39/024 Aircraft . . of the remote

controlled vehicle type, i.e. RPV




advanced tools for

• Citation analysis – less applicable for young

technologies

• Similarity search

• Semantic search

83


Agenda








84


What is semantic?

Semantic –

a science, dealing with the meaning of linguistic

expressions (words, sentences etc.)

85


Lewis Carroll, “Through the Looking Glass”, Chapter 6 Humpty Dumpty

When I use a word,' Humpty Dumpty said, in

rather a scornful tone, 'it means just what I choose

it to mean — neither more nor less.'

'The question is,' said Alice, 'whether you can

make words mean so many different things.'

'The question is,' said Humpty Dumpty, 'which is

to be master — that's all.‘

86


What is semantic search?

Semantic search –

a search method, focussing on the

meaning of a search input

which is complete text not single search terms

87



A semantic search engine is not just looking for words

in the text of the documents in stock, like with

keyword-based search engines.

It takes into account the meaning of searched text by

using background knowledge.

Semantic search aims at imitation of the human brain

that works with its knowledge and associations.

88



Basis of semantic search is the handling of searched text

taking into account

• Morphological variations (plurals, inflections, etc.)

• Homonyms (different meanings of a term)

• Synonyms (different terms with the same or similar

meaning)

• Generalizations

• …

89


Synonyms, homonyms, generalizations

Drone – some homonyms

• male bee

• pipe of a bagpipe

• unchanging monotone

• aircraft without a pilot

Drone – some synonyms

• unmanned aerial vehicle

• pilotless aircraft

• radio-controlled aircraft

Drone – some generalizations

Craft

. aircraft

.. pilotless aircraft

.. radio-controlled aircraft

Vehicle

. Aerial vehicle

.. Unmanned aerial vehicle

90



Basis of semantic search is the handling of search terms

taking into account

• Morphological variations (plurals, inflections, etc.)

• Homonyms (different meanings of a term)

• Synonyms (different terms with the same or semilar

meaning)

• Generalizations

• Concept matching

• Knowledge matching

• …

91


Disambiguation process

A process

• to resolve ambiguities

• to select the most probable meaning of single

or compound words (terms)

• by using the context of the term

92


Disambiguation by context

• Bagpipe drones (US6476301)

• Trapper and retainer for bee swarms and separator

for drones and queens (US1896925)

• Altitude control system for drones (US4017718)

• Autonomous and automatic landing system for drones

(US2009055038)

93


Disambiguation process

A process

• to resolve ambiguities

• to select the most probable meaning of single or

compound words (terms)

• by using the context of the term

• by recognizing concepts using background knowledge

in form of semantic networks organized on a

conceptual basis, i.e. an ontology

94


Orbit – Concepts in US9302770B2

95




Wordnet

background

knowledge



Vector space model

98

www.innography.com/learn-more/what-you-need-to-know-about-semantic-search


Abstract US9302770B2 Part 1

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is

disclosed that includes a retractable payload

delivery system. The payload delivery

system can lower a payload to the ground

using a delivery device that secures the

payload during descent and releases the

payload upon reaching the ground. […]


Result of a semantic search using the

abstract of US9302770B2

US9422139

Once the UAV arrives at the delivery site, the UAV is

operated in a hover mode and the payload is lowered

from the UAV towards the delivery site.

100




WO16115574A1

UAVs can be useful assistants such as in package

delivery …

The payload may be suspended by cables or other

structures with a mechanism for releasing said payload.

101




WO15155086A1

The invention relates to an arrangement with an

unmanned transport means to deliver a shipment and

a transfer device.

By means of the transfer device the shipment can be

transferred in a secure manner, in particular by lowering …

102




US6476301

A multi-use emergency descent device for descent of a

payload from an aircraft …

103


octimine technologies

is a young and innovative company in the field of

Intellectual Property Management. […]

“The secret to our success are our self-developed

semantic text analytics methods which enable our

customers to easily retrieve unique quality searches at

a record-breaking speed.”

Octisearch is octimine’s semantic search tool offered

for free at the moment.

104


Octimine octisearch results

octisearch‘s semantic search using the abstract of

Google‘s patent US9302770 results in

1000 patent families (This is the system‘s limit.)

Google‘s patent is #883 in the result set.


Octimine octisearch

106

Text of the abstract of US9302770B2




octimine octiSearch – Result list

Results are ranked by relevance according to the Similarity Index.


Octimine octisearch – Result #883


Infoapp sem-ip

Sem-ip‘s semantic search using the abstract of


about 107 patent families.

Sample patent of Google is #4 in the result set.

At least 80 % of the documents are about

Payload delivery with unmanned aerial vehicles


Infoapp sem-ip – Semantic search


Infoapp sem-ip – Result list


LexisNexis PatentStrategies

PatentStrategies semantic search using the abstract of


about 1500 patent families

With good fit for the higher relevance documents

Sample patent of Google is #1


Infoapp sem-ip – Analysis of results

115

CPC


LexisNexis PatentStrategies – Semantic search

Abstract of

US9302770B2


LexisNexis PatentStrategies – Semantic search


LexisNexis PatentStrategies – Analysis

Text clustering

PatentScape


Questel Orbit

Orbit semantic search using the abstract of Google‘s patent

US9302770 results in

5.000 patent families (customizable limitation)

From these about 90 patent families had 99 % relevance.

Sample patent of Google is #1, also further most relevant

documents are on top.


Questel Orbit – Semantic search


Questel Orbit –

Semantic search

Selection of concepts


QuestelOrbit –

Semantic

search

results

122


Refining of results from semantic search

Because often semantic search results are quiet big

a refining might be necessary – precising semantic

search results by

• Relevance

• Keywords

• Classification

• Concepts


LexisNexis TotalPatent

Semantic search

Refining results by

selected terms (concepts)

generated from the

result set

124


APPARATUS, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR

UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (WO16115574A1)

The disclosed invention include Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV's)

and UAV universal docking ports to be incorporated into and/or

attached to headwear, footwear, clothing, …

125


Agenda








126


Using a search query

127

• Searcher maintains control over the search.

• Selecting and deselecting of terms and classes allows

for controlled broadening and precising of results.

• Building the search query

can be complicated.

• Completeness is not

guaranteed.

• An information specialist

is needed.


The information specialist‘s approach

• Ask questions

to specify the information requirements.

• Work quietly in the back office

using the optimum choice of sophisticated tools

and his knowledge and expertise.

• Finally come out with an individual selection

of appropriate documents.

128


Semantic search

• Input is just text describing the technology in question.

• No search query building is needed.

• Results show up in high quality relevance ranking.

• Completeness is not guaranteed.

• Maybe the information specialist is not needed. ???

• Maybe later it will allow for multilingual searching.

129


Social media – Twitter

• Nanette Byrnes @nanettebyrnes 4. Okt.

In the race for drone delivery, the U.K. is way ahead of the U.S.

• 1st In SEO @1stInSEO 4. Okt.

#Drone delivery is still several years away …

• april glaser @aprilaser 4. Okt.

After safety issues, low-altitude air traffic control is the biggest

barrier to opening US skies to drone delivery

• PatentBuddy @patentbuddy 2. Okt.

Delivery Option: Drone. Arrival Estimate: 2020

130


Social media – Twitter

131


Acknowledgements

LexisNexis

Minesoft

Questel

Infoapps

WTI / INSPEC


Thank you for listening!

Contact:

WissensWert Seminare – Beratung

Dr. Gabriele Kirch-Verfuß

[email protected]

T: +49-2361-9040-273

www.wissenswert-wm.de

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ICIC 2016: Tutorial: Searching for Information – the Classical Way with Key Words and Classification compared with a Semantic Approach