Energy Efficient Data Centers Update on LBNL data center energy efficiency projects June 23, 2005 Bill Tschudi Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [email protected]
1. Energy Efficient Data CentersUpdate on LBNL data
centerenergy efficiency projectsJune 23, 2005Bill TschudiLawrence
Berkeley [email protected]
2. LBNLs energy researchrelated to data centers Energy research
roadmap Case studies and energy benchmarking Best practice
identification Self benchmarking protocol Investigate efficiency of
power supplies in ITequipment Investigate efficiency of UPS systems
Metrics for computing performance vs. energy Technology transfer
Demonstration projects
3. Data center efficiency opportunity Many efficiency ideas
have beenidentified through industry feedback Case studies are
helping to identifybest practices
4. Data center efficiency resources ASHRAE Thermal Guidelines
for Data ProcessingEnvironments ASHRAE Power Trends and Cooling
Applications In preparation: ASHRAE Design Considerations forData
Center and Communications Equipment Centerswhich includes a chapter
on energy efficiency
5. Case studies/benchmarks California Storage device and
routerMfgs. Banks Web hosting facilities Internet service provider
State tax center Federal facilities New York Recovery center
(hosting) Financial institution
6. IT equipment load intensitiesData collected in 1999 through
2003 showedthat electrical power intensity for IT equipmentalone
was on the order of 25 Watts/sf.Current data suggests that load
intensities arerising through compaction and/or due to
risingequipment power consumption.
7. 2003 IT equipment loadsfrom LBNL case studiesComputer Load
Density7060504030201001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15FacilityW/sq.ft.Average 27 +/-(W/sf of electrically active floor
space using Uptime definition)
8. 2003 projections if fully loadedCurrent and Projected Load
Intensity100806040200ProjectedAverage 441 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15FacilityW/sq. ft.Current Computer Load Projected Computer
Load(W/sf of electrically active floor space using Uptime
definition)
9. Distribution of computer load intensitiesreported to Uptime
Institute1.000.800.600.400.200.00Source: Uptime Institute, 2002.0
20 40 60 80 100Computer room UPS power (Watts/square foot)Fraction
of total floor area in sample199920002001Number offacilities Total
floor areaComputer roompower densityMillion square feet W/square
foot1999 35 1.55 22.92000 38 1.72 22.42001 48 1.86 25.3
10. 2005 IT equipment benchmarksIT equipment
load10090807060504030201001 2 3 4 5 6 7Data center
identifierWatts/sfLBNL NERSCsupercomputerAverage 52w/sf
11. Electrical power conversionis a big opportunityEvery
conversion of AC voltage, AC to DC, DC to AC,or DC voltage
conversion results in loss of electricalpower and corresponding
heat that must be removedfrom the data center. Minimizing this
conversion losshas a magnifying effect that allows all facility
systems touse less energy and consequently the
infrastructuresystems can be downsized.Saving say 10% on the
conversion loss could result in20% or more saving for the
facility.
12. How many times do data centers convertIn
OutInverterBypassBattery/ChargerRectifierInternal DriveExternal
DriveI/OMemory Controllerm ProcessorSDRAMGraphics
Controller5V12V3.3V12V 1.5/2.5AC/DC DC/DCDC/DCAC/DC Multi output
PSV1.1V-1.85V12V3.3V3.3VVoltage Regulator
ModulesPWM/PFCSwitcherUnregulated DCTo Multi OutputRegulated
DCVoltagesAC and DC?AC voltage conversions
13. Measured UPS efficiency
14. Measured UPS losses
15. Measured UPS losses
16. 131Electricity use in a server32 3272418627
32140120100806040200AC DCLossesDC/DCLossesFansDrivesPCI
CardsProcessorsMemoryChipsetBased on a typical dual processor 450W
2U Server;Approximately 160W out of 450W (35%) are losses in
thepower conversion process (Source: Brian Griffith: INTEL)
17. Power supply opportunity23808517011904335 340HVAC Chilled
WaterStandby GeneratorLighting and PlugLoadsUPS LossesComputing
LoadHVAC Fan LoadEfficiencyof PowerConversionProcessIT
Load(kW)UPSLosses(kW)TotalSavings(kW)65% 4335 340 070% 4025 316
33475% 3757 295 62380% 3522 276 87785% 3315 260 110090% 3131 246
1299Based on one case study approximately 4335 KW of a total of
8500 kW was ITload. Assuming a 65% existing baseline efficiency,
the savings opportunity using90% efficient conversion process is
approximately 1300kW not including anysavings from HVAC
18. Power supply efficiency recommendationsThe Server Systems
Infrastructure group (SSI)publishes recommended minimum
efficienciesfor server power supplies. The LBNL projectteam is
working with this group to see what canbe done to raise the
bar.
19. Power supply efficiency today68Full LoadEfficiency
>68%Redundant System of Power Supplies for Servers
20. Measured power supply efficiency
21. Energy efficiency opportunitySpecifiers of UPSs or IT
equipment can have a hugeimpact on energy use by requiring higher
efficiencies.Testing data shows that higher efficiencies can
beobtained you have to ask for it. Facility and ITprofessionals by
working together can optimize overallpower conversions. Additional
costs (if any) for moreefficient conversions will have a very short
payback ormay be entirely justified by reductions in
infrastructure.
22. HVAC (as a % of total load)60%50%40%30%20%10%0%1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12Data Center Identifier% of total loadEffectiveness of
HVAC systems
23. Index of performanceThe Uptime Institute proposed a metric
toevaluate the total efficiency of infrastructuresystems:Index of
performance = building systems KW UPS output(i.e. ratio of building
systems to IT equipmentload)
24. Look at the end-useData Center A Data Center
BComputerLoads38%UPS Losses6%Lighting2%HVAC54%Total Power =
580kWUPS Losses13%HVAC - AirMovement9%ComputerLoads63%HVAC -Chilled
WaterPlant14%Lighting1%Total Power = 1700 kW
