VITAMIN E & BVITAMIN E & BOPTOM FASLU MUHAMMEDOPTOM FASLU MUHAMMED

Vitamin EVitamin EA compound in Wheat gem oils was discovered A compound in Wheat gem oils was discovered to be essential for reproduction in rats: named to be essential for reproduction in rats: named Tocopherol (Tokos = Greek for “Child birth”),Tocopherol (Tokos = Greek for “Child birth”),(pheros = To bear) (Ol = Alcohol) and later (pheros = To bear) (Ol = Alcohol) and later named vitamin Enamed vitamin E 4 different tocopherol compounds: 4 different tocopherol compounds: , , , , , , --

tocopheroltocopherol Active form: alpha-tocopherolActive form: alpha-tocopherol Yellow liquids, insoluble in water, soluble in fat Yellow liquids, insoluble in water, soluble in fat

solventssolvents Stable to heat & acid, unstable in alkali, U.V., Stable to heat & acid, unstable in alkali, U.V.,

OO22 Most are destroyed by freezing and deep fryingMost are destroyed by freezing and deep frying

MetabolismMetabolism

Absorption:Absorption: Vit + bile salt + fat Vit + bile salt + fat Micelle Micelle Mucosal cells Mucosal cellsTransport:Transport: Lipoproteins (chylomicrons)Lipoproteins (chylomicrons)Storage:Storage: Mostly in adipose tissueMostly in adipose tissue Little in liver, lungs, heart, muscles, adrenal Little in liver, lungs, heart, muscles, adrenal

glands, brainglands, brain

Functions: AntioxidantFunctions: AntioxidantVit. E: a scavenger of free radicalsVit. E: a scavenger of free radicalsFree radicals: atoms or molecules that have 1 Free radicals: atoms or molecules that have 1 or more unpaired electronsor more unpaired electrons vitamin E protects cell membranes, esp. in vitamin E protects cell membranes, esp. in RBC & lungs (high exposure to ORBC & lungs (high exposure to O22), from ), from oxidationoxidationProtects vitamin A from oxidation Protects vitamin A from oxidation May protect against heart diseaseMay protect against heart diseaseEssential for normal nerve developmentEssential for normal nerve developmentProtects WBC and plays other roles in immunityProtects WBC and plays other roles in immunity

DeficiencyDeficiency

Anemia: Anemia: Mostly in premature babies (vit. E is transferred Mostly in premature babies (vit. E is transferred

from placenta to baby during last week of from placenta to baby during last week of pregnancy)pregnancy)

Erythrocyte hemolysis: RBC rupture without vit. EErythrocyte hemolysis: RBC rupture without vit. E

Neuromuscular disorders:Neuromuscular disorders: Loss of muscle coordinationLoss of muscle coordination Impaired vision & speechImpaired vision & speech

Fibrocystic breast diseaseFibrocystic breast disease

Deficiency Deficiency (cont’d)(cont’d)Intermittent claudicationIntermittent claudication Pain upon walking, cramps in legsPain upon walking, cramps in legs

Possible implication viral diseases:Possible implication viral diseases: Some viruses may become more virulent in a Some viruses may become more virulent in a

vitamin E and Selenium deficient personvitamin E and Selenium deficient person May be related to oxidative stressMay be related to oxidative stress Inability to produce healthy Ovum and loss of Inability to produce healthy Ovum and loss of

motility of spermatozoa.motility of spermatozoa. Interrelationship with Selenium causes Interrelationship with Selenium causes

decrease in the amount of Vitamin E when decrease in the amount of Vitamin E when selenium is available in the body.selenium is available in the body.

Deficiency can occur in:Deficiency can occur in: Fat malabsorptionFat malabsorption Liver injuryLiver injury Gallbladder diseaseGallbladder disease Pancreatic diseasePancreatic disease Very low fat dietVery low fat diet

RDARDA

1 unit alpha-tocopherol (1 unit alpha-tocopherol (-TE) = 1 mg -TE) = 1 mg Vitamin E = 1.5 I.U.Vitamin E = 1.5 I.U. Women: 15 mg/dWomen: 15 mg/d Men: 15 mg/dMen: 15 mg/d

More needed if high consumption of More needed if high consumption of polyunsaturated oils (which require polyunsaturated oils (which require antioxidant protection). Raw oils have antioxidant protection). Raw oils have more vitamin Emore vitamin E

ToxicityToxicity

Isolated reports of nausea, intestinal Isolated reports of nausea, intestinal distress, after very high doses of vitamin Edistress, after very high doses of vitamin ELarge doses: Large doses: effects of anticoagulant effects of anticoagulant medication medication uncontrollable bleeding… uncontrollable bleeding…

SourcesSources

Vegetable oils (20% of usual intake)Vegetable oils (20% of usual intake)Wheat Germ Oil, Sunflower Oil, Saffflower Wheat Germ Oil, Sunflower Oil, Saffflower Oil, Cotton seed Oil.Oil, Cotton seed Oil.Less in vegetables and fruits (20%)Less in vegetables and fruits (20%)Fortified cereals and grains (15%)Fortified cereals and grains (15%)Less in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, nuts, Less in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, nuts, seeds (<15%)seeds (<15%)

Vitamin BVitamin B22: Riboflavin: RiboflavinThe yellow green fluorescent pigment in milkThe yellow green fluorescent pigment in milkStable to heat, oxidation & acidStable to heat, oxidation & acidDisintegrates in the presence of light & alkaliDisintegrates in the presence of light & alkaliAddition of baking soda to beans destroys Addition of baking soda to beans destroys much of their Riboflavin contentmuch of their Riboflavin contentMilk in proper containers is protected against Milk in proper containers is protected against losseslossesFruits dried in the sun lose some of their Fruits dried in the sun lose some of their RiboflavinRiboflavin

Riboflavin: FunctionsRiboflavin: FunctionsPlays a role in the energy metabolism of all cells.Plays a role in the energy metabolism of all cells.

FMN, FAD: CoenzymesFMN, FAD: Coenzymes

These form the group of flavoproteins, enzymes These form the group of flavoproteins, enzymes which catalyze redox in cells (CHO, Fat, A.A.)which catalyze redox in cells (CHO, Fat, A.A.)

Also involved in activation of vitamin BAlso involved in activation of vitamin B66 & & conversion of folic acid to its coenzymesconversion of folic acid to its coenzymes

Riboflavin essential for growth; involved in Riboflavin essential for growth; involved in production of corticosteroids, formation of RBC, production of corticosteroids, formation of RBC, Gluconeogenesis, Thyroid enzyme regulatory Gluconeogenesis, Thyroid enzyme regulatory activity.activity.

Riboflavin: DeficiencyRiboflavin: DeficiencyEarly deficiency:Early deficiency: Soreness, burning of the lips, mouth & Soreness, burning of the lips, mouth &

tongue, photophobia, burning & itching of the tongue, photophobia, burning & itching of the eyes, loss of visual acuity.eyes, loss of visual acuity.

Advanced deficiency (low intake for Advanced deficiency (low intake for several months)several months) Cheilosis (fissuring of lips)Cheilosis (fissuring of lips) Angular stomatitis (cracks at corner of mouth)Angular stomatitis (cracks at corner of mouth) Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)Deficiency rarely appears alone: Deficiency rarely appears alone: diagnosis is difficultdiagnosis is difficult

Toxicity: not toxicToxicity: not toxic

RDA: 1.3 mg/day for malesRDA: 1.3 mg/day for males 1.1 mg/day for females1.1 mg/day for females

Sources:Sources: Important: milk, cheddar cheese, cottage cheese, Important: milk, cheddar cheese, cottage cheese,

organ meats, eggs & green leafy vegetablesorgan meats, eggs & green leafy vegetables Enriched bread & cereal contain less but Enriched bread & cereal contain less but

contribute significantly to the daily intake, because contribute significantly to the daily intake, because consumed in high amountsconsumed in high amounts

Foods containing thiamin also contain riboflavinFoods containing thiamin also contain riboflavin

Niacin: DeficiencyNiacin: Deficiency

Many symptomsMany symptomsEarly changes: Muscular weakness, skin Early changes: Muscular weakness, skin eruptions, indigestion, anorexiaeruptions, indigestion, anorexiaSevere deficiency: Pellagra, Severe deficiency: Pellagra, DDermatitis, ermatitis, DDementia, ementia, DDiarrheaiarrheaSkin: cracked, pigmented, scaly dermatitis Skin: cracked, pigmented, scaly dermatitis (on skin exposed to sun)(on skin exposed to sun)

Niacin: RDANiacin: RDA

60 mg Tryp 60 mg Tryp 1 mg Niacin 1 mg Niacin

Expressed in Niacin EquivalentExpressed in Niacin Equivalent