Aashish PariharNursing Tutor

College of Nursing, AIIMS

Jodhpur

Unit – IIIculture

Content-Culture- Meaning & its Nature Components of Culture Evolution of culture Diversity and uniformity of culture Culture and socialization Trans cultural society Influence on health and disease

culture

INTRODUCTION

Culture is derived from the English word ‘Kulthra’ and Sanskrit word ‘Samskar’ which denotes social

channel and intellectual excellence. Culture is a way of life.

culture

DEFINITIONEB Taylor- Culture is a complex whole, which

includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by the man as a member of society.

Leglic AY White- Culture is a symbolic continuous, cumulative and progressive process.

Malinowski B- The cumulative creation of man; the handwork of man and the medium through which he achieves is ends.

culture

DEFINITIONGraham wallas- An accumulation of thoughts, values

and objects; it is the social heritage acquired by us from preceding generations through learning as distinguished from the biological heritage which is passed on to us automatically through genes.

CC North- The instruments constituted by man to assist him in a satisfying his wants.

Redfield- Culture is an organization of phenomenon of acts, objects, ideas attitudes, values and use of the symbols. Culture is an organized body of conventional understanding manifested in arts and artifacts which persisting through tradition, characterizes the group.

culture

NATURE OF CULTURECulture is a learned behavior not inherited. It is

learned through experience, imitation, communication, concept, thinking and socialization process.

Culture is transmitted by vertically or horizontally thus it is communicative. Vertical transmission is from one generation to another whereas horizontal transmission is from one group to another group within the same period

Culture is social not individual the pattern of thinking, feeling & acting can be shared by the members of the group and kept relatively uniform through group pressures.

culture

NATURE OF CULTURECulture provides opportunities and provides

means for the satisfaction of our needs and desires to fulfill group functions.

Culture is adaptive. It may institute changes in the environment as a means of adopting, instead of altering themselves to the changing environments.

culture

NATURE OF CULTURECulture is dynamic. Couture is subjected to

slow but constant change. Couture respond to the changing condition of the world.

Every society has its own culture.Culture is continuous and cumulativeCulture is integrative.

culture

TYPES OF CULTUREThere are two types of culture i.e. material culture and non-material culture

Material culture- Material culture concerned with the external, mechanical and utilitarian objects. It can be easily communicated and makes our life more comfortable, luxurious and meaningful. Thus material culture has the extrinsic value like housing, fashion, diet etc. material culture represent the whole apparatus of life or civilization.

culture

TYPES OF CULTUREThere are two types of culture i.e. material culture and non-material culture

Non-material culture- It includes the concepts, values, mores and ideas e.g. monogamy, democracy, worship etc.

culture

FUNCTIONS OF CULTUREIt makes man as a human being.To regulate the conduct and prepares the human being for group life through the process of socialization.

It defines the meaning of situation.Provides solutions for difficult situations.

Defines values, attitudes and goals.

culture

FUNCTIONS OF CULTUREBroaden the vision of individuals.Provide behavior patterns and relationship with others.

Keep the individual behavior intact.Moulds national character.Define myths, legends, supernatural believes.

Creates new needs and interests.

culture

COMPONENTS OF CULTUREComponents of culture are as follows-SymbolsLanguageValuesFolkwaysMoresLaws Customs

culture

COMPONENTS OF CULTURESymbols

Anything that carries particular meaning recognized by people who share the same culture.

It can be either material object like flag a cross or word or it can be a non material object like sound gesture.

Symbolic meaning is obvious uniform in culture and powerful.

culture

COMPONENTS OF CULTURELanguage

A major symbolic system in use in all human societies is languages.

Human languages are learned and variable, flexible and generative.

Without language there is no culture. It is language through which we are able to

create share, preserve and transmit cultural meanings such as complex patterns of emotions, thought, knowledge and beliefs.

Language is essential to give members of society a sense of identity.

culture

COMPONENTS OF CULTUREValues

Values are general abstract moral principles defining what is right or wrong, good or bad, desirable or undesirable.

In other words values often come in pairs of positive and negative terms.

Values define general moral qualities of behavior expected from members of society such as honesty, patriotism or commitment to freedom

culture

COMPONENTS OF CULTUREFolkways

Folkways are accepted ways of behavior. According to Gillin and Gillin folkways are the behavior

pattern of every day life which unconsciously arises within a group.

According to AW Green folkways are the ways of acting that are common to a society or a group that are handed down from generation to the next.

According to Merill folkways are social habits or group expectations that have arised in the daily life of the group.

Folkways are social in nature, repetitive in character, unplanned in origin, informal enforcement, varied in nature and subjected to change.

Example of folkways are eating pattern, habits, communication, dressing walking, working and greeting.

culture

COMPONENTS OF CULTUREMores

Standard of behavior that influences the moral conduct of people conformity to mass is called as mores.

According to MacIver & CH Page when folkways have added to group welfare and high standards that are converted into mores.

 mores determine our conception of right or wrong and proper and improper.

Mores differ from group to group and from society to society.

Mores are dynamic, they keep on changing according to changing need of society.

culture

COMPONENTS OF CULTURECustoms

Customs are formed on the basis of habits.Customs are social habits which through

repetition become the basis of an order of social behavior.

According to MacIver custom is a group procedure that has gradually emerged without express enactment without any constituted authority to declare it, apply it, to safe guard it.

culture

COMPONENTS OF CULTURELaws

Laws are enacted by the state or centre to have control over individual.

According to Green law is more or less systematic body of generalized rules, balanced between the fiction of performance and fact of change governing specifically defined relationship and situations and employing force or the threat of force in defined and limited ways.

Laws applies equally to all Laws are definite, clear and precise.

culture

EVOLUTION OF CULTURE Evolution of specific culture is difficult to identify .

But from the discoveries and inventions cultural development can be identified.

But one thing is clear that culture is as old as man.

Though the material aspects does not us about the culture but reveals the evolution of culture.

culture

DIVERSITY AND UNIFORMITY OF CULTURE

Culture is a set of behavior of a group. Therefore there are many culture as there are many groups. Culture of one group may differ completely or in certain aspects from other. These variations are known as cultural diversity.

Factors responsible for diverse culture are as follows-

culture

DIVERSITY AND UNIFORMITY OF CULTURE

Geographical locationUnconscious behavior imitated and later

on become a custom which is the part of culture

Flexibility in behaviorTechnological advancementReligious beliefLife styleLanguage

culture

UNIFORMITY OF CULTUREUniformity of culture is meant by sharing the same type of cultural pattern by the different group of people.

Uniformity of culture is far more complex than it seems.

Uniformity is based on the belief of God’s superiority.

culture

CULTURE AND SOCIALIZATIONCulture is defined as the belief, values,

behavior and material objects shared by a particular group of people.

Socialization is the process which shapes and defines our thoughts, feelings and also provides us with a model for our behavior.

This process of socialization teaches the human being the cultural values and norms which provide the guidelines for our everyday life.

culture

CULTURE AND SOCIALIZATIONHuman infants are born without any

culture.They must be transformed by agents of

socialization such as family, parents, teachers, peers and mass media into culturally adapt human beings.

This general process of acquiring culture is referred to as socialization.

Successful socialization can result in uniformity within society.

culture

CULTURE AND SOCIALIZATIONThrough the socialization personality develops.

Socialization helps us to perform specific role in society which is culturally bound.

culture

TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETYTransculturalism is defined as "seeing

oneself in the other".

Transcultural is in turn described as "extending through all human culture" or "involving, encompassing, or combining elements of more than one culture".

culture

TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETY Transculturalism is characterized by the following:Transculturalism emphasizes on the problematic of

contemporary culture in terms of relationships, meaning-making, and power formation; and the transitory nature of culture as well as its power to transform.

Transculturalism is interested in dissonance, tension, and instability as it is with the stabilizing effects of social conjunction, communalism, and organization; and in the destabilizing effects of non-meaning or meaning atrophy. It is interested in the disintegration of groups, cultures, and power.

culture

TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETYTransculturalism is characterized by the following:Transculturalism does not seek to privilege the

semiotic over the material conditions of life, nor vice versa.

Transculturalism accepts that language and materiality continually interact within an unstable locus of specific historical conditions.[5]

Transculturalism locates relationships of power in terms of language and history.[5]

culture

TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETYTransculturalism is characterized by the following:Transculturalism is deeply suspicious of itself and of

all utterances. Its claim to knowledge is always redoubtable, self-reflexive, and self-critical.

Transculturalism can never eschew the force of its own precepts and the dynamic that is culture.

Transculturalism never sides with one moral perspective over another but endeavors to examine them without ruling out moral relativism or meta-ethical confluence.

culture

TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETYTransculturalism is characterized by the following:Transculturalism seeks to illuminate the

various gradients of culture and the ways in which social groups create and distribute their meanings; and the ways in which social groups interact and experience tension.

Transculturalism looks toward the ways in which language wars are historically shaped and conducted.

culture