CANCER

Uncontrolled proliferation of cells

Statistics in India

1985 1990 1995 2000 20050

100

200

300

400

500

229,660

443,000263,480

469,000

Male Female

(in

th

ou

sa

nd

s)

Indian ScenarioCANCER IS THE CAUSE OF 12% OF ALL DEATHS

IN INDIA 1.5 – 2 MILLION ESTIMATED CANCER CASES AT ANY POINT OF TIME

EVERY YEAR 8 LAKHS NEW CASES ARE DETECTED IN INDIA

EVERY YEAR 5.5 LAKHS CANCER PATIENTS DIE IN OUR COUNTRY

Cancer Stigma Lance Armstrong Foundation conducted a survey on cancer stigma

in 2008 Japan, Mexico, Russia, Argentina, Brazil, China, France, India, Italy, South

Africa About 500 people polled in each country

Survey showed that Stigma continues to persist across countries, cultures and communities Caused by misinformation, lack of awareness, deeply engrained cultural

myths and fear Opportunities to capitalise on shifting perceptions Mass media are key resources for facilitating more positive attitudes

Perceptions about cancer

Public responsibility

Personal responsibility

Concern for our beloved ones

Prevention

Screening

Early Diagnosis

Treatment

PreventionVaccines

PreventionAvoiding risk factors

ScreeningChecking for cancer in a person who does not

have any symptoms of the disease.

Early diagnosis

SEVEN DANGER SIGNALS

THICKENING OR LUMP IN BREAST OR ANYWHERE IN THE BODY

SORE THROAT NOT HEALING

UNUSUAL BLEEDING OR DISCHARGE

INDIGESTION AND DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING

OBVIOUS CHANGE IN WART OR MOLE

NAGGING COUGH OR HOARSENESS OF VOICE

CHANGE IN BLADDER & BOWEL HABITS

Cancers in women Breast

Cervix

Thyroid

Lung

Ovary

Endometrium

Are youBreast Health Aware?

What do I need to know?

Who gets breast cancer?

Anyone can get breast cancer. For example, did you know…

• The older a woman is, the more likely she is to get breast cancer.

• Although it is rare, young women in their 20s and 30s can and do get breast cancer.

• In India incidence is rising .It is the second most common cancer affecting females in India and the most common cancer in women in urban cities.

What do I need to know?

Can I prevent breast cancer?Because no one knows exactly what causes it, there are no SURE

ways to prevent breast cancer. However, the following may help to reduce your risk:

•Maintaining a healthy weight , regular exercise,& a nutritious diet

•Breastfeeding

• Limiting our exposure to estrogen, alcohol, and

smoke

What can I do ?

•Be aware

•Breast self exam

•Clinical breast exam

•Mammogram

•Spread awareness

Early detection is Your Best Defense !

Breast

SelfExam(BSE

)

What is a clinical breast exam?

Mammogram

A mammogram is a machine which uses X rays to detect lesions of the breast

Can detect small lesions before they can be felt.

Why Mammograms?

CERVIX

CAUSE

PREVENTIONMost easily preventable cancer

Long latent period

Cervix is accessible

Methods

1. PAP Smear

2. HPV testing

3. HPV vaccination

PAP Smear

HPV testSame procedure like pap smear but the test

detects the presence of high risk HPV virus .

Can be combined with pap smear in women 30 years and above

If negative patient needs to return for screening only after 5 years.

Costs 2000Rs.(pap smear for 5 years will be more costly)

HPV vaccine CERVARIX GARADSIL -Two vaccines are available

in India which are licensed globally.

The vaccines are prophylactic ie,they offer protection only in those who are not exposed to the virus or before the initiation of sexual activity.

The Indian Academy of Pediatrics recommends vaccination to girls in the age group of 9-12 years. Catchup vaccination is permitted upto the age of 26 years .

Uterine or Endometrial cancer

SYMPTOMS

1. vaginal bleeding after menopause

2. Irregular vaginal bleeding before menopause

3. Unusual vaginal discharge

4. Change in bowel or bladder habits

TestsUSG pelvis

Endometrial office biopsy ( pipelle sampling)

D&C

OVARIAN CANCER Symptoms

1. Bloating of abdomen

2. Abdominal pain

3. Back pain

4. Feeling of fullness

5. Increased bladder and/or bowel motions

No known preventive tests described

Annual checkup and pelvic exam

CA 125 is elevated in ovarian cancer but is not specific.

Not recommended for routine screening

COMMON CANCERS in MEN

Lung

Oral Cavity

Colorectal

prostate

LUNG CANCERSmoking is a major cause. Can be seen in non

smokers also

Early detection very difficult as it does not produce any symptoms in the early stage

Usually presents as continuous cough >3 -6 weeks, blood in sputum, chest pain, sudden onset of breathlessness, or change in voice.

ORAL cavity

Chewing pan and betel nut are risk factors

Easily accessible site for early detection

Patients can do self examination of oral cavity

Colorectal cancer Warning signs

BLOOD IN STOOL

FEELING OF BEING BLOATED

CHANGE IN BOWEL HABITS

CONSTIPATION

Colon cancer

Annual fecal occult blood test

Colonoscopy is recommended after the age of 50 once in 10 years

Diet rich in fruits and vegetables,roughage and fibre

Prostate cancer Cancer of prostate gland.

Symptoms –increased urinary frequency,some present with total obstruction of urine flow,pain on passing urine,

PSA test after the age of 50.

Digital rectal examination

Treatment of cancerSurgery

Radiation

Chemotherapy

Hormonal/Immunotherapy

Alone or in combination

Goals of therapyCure

Control

Palliation

SurgeryDiagnosis

Staging

Treatment

Relieve side effects

Ease pain

Radiation TherapyHigh energy Xrays to kill cancer cells

External Internal

Daily treatments

ChemotherapyMedicines used to kill cancer cells

Oral, intravenous

Disadvantage – damages healthy cells also