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2Persistent Organic Pollutants

The topic of my presentation is Persistent Organic Pollutants2

3IntroductionChemical are everywhere Many thousands have been produced and releasedOf the 100,000 chemicals on the market today, very few have been thoroughly tested for harmful effects

Chemical are everywhere, andMany thousands have been produced and released, and the worst part is that,Of the 100,000 chemicals on the market today, very few have been thoroughly tested for harmful effects, 3

4IntroductionEnvironmental Toxicology Multidisciplinary field of science concerned with the study of the harmful effects of various chemical, biological and physical agents on living organisms

and for this, We have to study the environmental Toxicologywhich is a Multidisciplinary field of science, concerned with the study of the harmful effects of various chemical, biological and physical agents, on living organisms4

5IntroductionEnvironmental Toxicology Animals studies For their own welfareTo warn of possible effects on humans

We also have to study animals, For their own welfare,And also, to warn, about possible effects on humans5

6IntroductionAnimal studies Abnormalities in Frogs reproductive system in response to small doses of the herbicide atrazineFierce criticism from atrazines manufacturer reflects high stakes Effects on humans

Tyrone Hayes (UC Berkeley)

One such effort was done, by an American biologist, Tyrone Hayes. His research concluded that, abnormalities were noted in Frogs reproductive system, in response to small doses of the herbicide atrazineThere has been Fierce criticism from atrazines manufacturer, which reflects very high stakes of manufacturers These may also cause adverse health effects in Humans6

IntroductionTypes of Toxicants

Mutagenic

Allergic

Neurotoxins

Teratogenic Endocrine Disruptors

Carcinogenic

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Toxicants can produce various effects as shown on viewfile

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8IntroductionEndocrine disruption Some chemicals, once inside the bloodstream, can mimic hormonesIf molecules of the chemical bind to the sites intended for hormone binding, they cause an inappropriate response

Normally hormones in the body bind to receptors to produce appropriate effects,But Some chemicals, once inside the bloodstream, can mimic hormones.If molecules of the chemical bind to the sites intended for hormone binding, they cause an inappropriate response8

9IntroductionThalidomide TragedyThe drug thalidomide, used to relieve nausea during pregnancy, turned out to be a potent teratogen, and caused thousands of birth defects before being banned in the 1960s

Thalidomide survivor Butch Lumpkin

Butch Lumpkin is a professional tennis player and a golfer. He is among the 5000 or so survivours of thalidomide tragedy.The drug thalidomide, used to relieve nausea during pregnancy, turned out to be a potent teratogen, and caused thousands of birth defects, before being banned in the 1960s9

10AimDiscusses about Persistent Organic Pollutants

With this I come to Aim of my presentation, which is to Discusses about Persistent Organic Pollutants 10

11Sequence Persistent Organic PollutantsDistribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants Routes of exposure Does Response CurveFood contamination by Persistent Organic Pollutants Stockholm ConventionRecommendations Conclusion

Sequence of my presentation is as shown on view file11

Persistent Organic Pollutants 12

Regarding Persistent Organic Pollutants 12


People were largely unaware of their health risks 13


And on the contrary, they were considered to be very beneficial, with no harmful effects14

15Persistent Organic PollutantsMost problematic group of chemicalsEstimated 400 million tons are produced annually worldwideStored in fat and are persistent

Persistent Organic Pollutants are theMost problematic group of chemicalsAn Estimated 400 million tons are produced annually worldwideThey are Stored in fat, and are persistent, as they are Resistant to environmental degradation15

Dirty Dozen (POPs)16Persistent Organic PollutantsNameCategory Uses EffectsAldrin PesticidesTermites, grasshoppers, corn wormsNeurotoxin, liver and biliary cancer, as well as a mutagenChlordaneCorn and citrus, and lawns and domestic gardensNervous, digestive systems and liver, convolutions and deathDDTMalaria, typhus, and other diseases Toxic to more organisms than intended to killDieldrinTermites and textile pestsParkinsons disease, immune & reproductiveEndrinPests of cotton, rice and cornNervous system, toxic to aquatic organismsHeptachlorCotton insects, grasshoppersHuman carcinogenMirexFire retardant Placenta, breast milk ToxapheneTicks and mites in livestockDamage to lungs, nervous system, kidneys

These are grouped in 3 categories according to their use. Eight are pesticides. 16

Dirty Dozen (POPs)17Persistent Organic PollutantsNameCategory Uses EffectsCategory IIPCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) Industrial Chemicals Heat exchange fluids, additives in paint etcCarcinogenic, mutagenic

HCB (hexachlorocyclohexane)Fungi of food cropsReproductive and immune function, crosses the placenta, breast milkCategory IIIDibenzodioxins Unintended by productsNo useCancers, teeth abnormality, thyroid disorders, damage to immune systems, endometriosis and even disbetesDibenzofurans

Two are industrial chemicals and two unintended industrial by-products17

Dirty Dozen (POPs)18Newly added POPsAlpha hexachlorocyclohexane HCH Beta hexachlorocyclohexane HCHChlordeconeHexabromobiphenylHexabromodiphenyl ether / heptabromodiphenyl ether Lindane, gama hexachlorocyclohexanePentachlorobenzenePerfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) Tetrabromodiphenyl ether / pentabromodiphenyl ether Persistent Organic Pollutants

This is a list of nine persistent organic pollutants, which were added later18

Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants 19

Some facts about their distribution

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20Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants

They are deposit into and transported through Air, water and land And Travel long distances globally And Enter food-chain and Expose even remote populations of humans and animals that depend on aquatic foods and even found in tissues of polar bears and seals20

21Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants POPs in the environmentCompounds concentration highest near point of release Not true for POPs

Compounds are normally concentrated highest near their point of release, But this is not true for POPs,These are Deposited in different locations21

22Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants POPs in the environmentHot RegionsIncreased EvaporationCold RegionsCondensation and adsorption Found in high concentrations in arctic animalsStoring energy as fat, required for survival in Cold climatesArctic animals are carnivorous (high end of the food chain)

In Hot RegionsEvaporation increases with temperatureWhereas in Cold Regions,Condensation and adsorption takes placePOPs are Found in high concentrations in arctic animals.This is due to Storing energy as fat, which is required for survival in Cold climates.This is especially true, as often the arctic animals are carnivorous, and are on the high end of the food chain22

Routes of Exposure 23

We are exposed to the harmful effects of POPs 23

24Routes of Exposure Routes of Human ExposureIngestion Inhalation Skin contact Occupational exposure

throughIngestion of contaminated foodsInhalation of contaminated airSkin contact with contaminated soilAnd also due to Occupational exposure to chlorinated pesticides

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25Routes of Exposure Combustor EmissionsParticulate DepositionAirPhoto DegradationSoil / Water PlantsAnimalsMeat & ProductsVegetablesInhalationHuman

If we see it schematicallyThere is combustor emissionsPollutants come in the airThere is particulate depositionInto soil, water and plants These affect animals Pertinent to note here is that plants are also used in the shape of vegetables, and animals as meat and other productsParticulates in air can be inhaled Although some may be degraded, such as through the action of sun lightSo meat and animal products, vegetables and particulate matter in air, all effect Humans25

Dose response curve26

Does response curve26

27Dose response curveDose response curveMethod of determining toxicity of a substance by measuring response to different dosesResponses to doses are plotted on a dose-response curve

Is the Method of determining toxicity of a substance, by measuring response to different dosesResponses to doses are plotted on a dose-response curve27

28Dose response curve

Two terms are used in this context One is the threshold, which is the does at which response begins And the other is lethal dose 50, at which 50% of the sample population dies 28

29Dose response curveDose response curveResponse increases with doseBut this is not always the case Not all people are equal, sensitivity to toxicant can vary with age, gender, weight, etc.

Most often response increases with doseBut this is not always the case, and the increase may not be linear. It could be due to the fact that,Not all people are equal, and Sensitivity to toxicant can vary with age, gender, weight, etc.

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Food Contamination by POPs30

Foods get contaminated 30

31Food Contamination by POPsBioaccumulation Process by which a contaminant accumulates in the tissues of an individual organism

And the problem gets aggravated due to BioaccumulationWhich is a Process, by which a contaminant accumulates in the tissues of an individual organism.Accumulation occurs in tissues egOrganochlorine accumulate in adipose tissue Cadmium is stored in the kidneysAnd Metals in the liver31

32Threat from POPsBiomagnificationA chemical whose concentration increases along a food chain is said to be biomagnifiedIncrease in concentration of certain stable chemicals in successively higher levels of a food chain

A chemical whose concentration increases along a food chain is said to be biomagnifiedIt is the Increase in concentration in successively higher trophic levels of a food chain And Those higher in the food chain, feel the effects of POPs much greater than those at the bottom32

33Food Contamination by POPsBiomagnification DDT concentrations increase from plankton to fish to fish-eating birds

This is an example of biomagnification, in which the chemical concentration of DDT increases At each trophic level 33

Stockholm Convention34

Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutant 34

35Stockholm ConventionHistory United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP decided to prepare an legally binding instrument on persistent organic pollutants (POPs)Work completed in December 2000

United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP decided to prepare a legally binding instrument on persistent organic pollutants (POPs)Work was completed on the Stockholm Convention, in December 2000 35

36Stockholm ConventionHistory Pakistan signed the Stockholm Convention on December 6, 2001The Convention entered into force on 17 May 2004

Pakistan signed the Stockholm Convention on 6th December, 2001The Convention entered into force on 17 May 200436

37Stockholm ConventionObjectives of the Convention EliminationRestrictionReductionPromotion of new research Risk management evaluations Make recommendations ReportingEffectiveness evaluation

Objectives of the Convention is EliminationRestrictionReductionPromotion of new research and so on37

Recommendations 38

Some recommendations38

Recommendations IndividualInterpersonalAttitudes waste disposalManufacturersResponsible BehavioursCommunityActive participation Governments Laws & policies 39

Individuals should enhance their knowledge & SkillsInterpersonally improve attitudes regarding waste disposalManufacturers should display responsible behavioursCommunity should play an active roleAnd Governments should implement laws & policies according to international recommendations

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Conclusion 40

I conclude that 40

41Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants

Persistent Organic Pollutants are distributed globally, and can virtually find their way into every living organism on earth, so all efforts should be taken, so as to have a safe future for this world41

AQ&Q u e s t i o n sA n s w e r s

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Healthcare

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