Prof. Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D

Department of PharmaceuticsKLE University College of PharmacyBELGAUM-590010, Karnataka, India

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Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology breakthrough research in Neutraceutical and Cosmetic Industry.

Nanotechnology, a field of science and technology that aims to control matter at the atomic and molecular level.

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Neutraceuticals

Neutraceutical, a term combining the words "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical", is a food or food product that provides health and medical benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease.

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Nutraceuticals and Pharmaceuticals

Nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals are related in that both are types of compound that demonstrate bioactive properties.

Nutraceuticals are substances that are extracted from foods and are used either to fortify other food products in order to enhance their nutritional properties as dietary supplements in the form of pills, capsules of soft-gels.

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Nutraceuticals

Nutraceuticals

Nutraceuticals are food extracts that have been demonstrated to produce a physiological benefit or provide some protection against chronic disease.

Nutraceuticals are the intersection of nutrition and pharmaceutical and is an umbrella term that can also include functional foods and dietary supplements.

Eg. Omega-3 fatty acids that are both biocompatible and bioavailable.

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Nutraceuticals Market

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Nano-Particle

Nutraceutical compounds do not yet fall under the same regulatory guidelines and control known to the pharmaceutical industry, but many of the same analytical studies are conducted.

Quantitative particle size, particle shape, and zeta potential analysis provides information that has either a direct effect or correlation to issues such as bioavailability, solubility, formulation stability, and quality control.

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Particle Characterization

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Particle Characterization

Nano-Techniques

Nutraceutical researchers working to improve the bioavailability, biocompatibility, and stability of various formulations measure particle size, particle shape, and zeta potential.

Measuring particle size in the nanometer

The SZ-100 dynamic light scattering nanoparticle size analyzer provides size information for nano scale suspensions and emulsions through a simple, robust user interface.

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Neutraceuticals

Essential fatty acids such as omega-3 oils Probiotics Prebiotics Plant stanols and sterols Botanicals Superfruit extracts and antioxidants Carotenoid antioxidants Soy protein isoflavones

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Essential fatty acids such as omega-3 oils

Omega-3 fats are found in flaxseed oil, walnut oil, and marine plankton and fatty fish.

The main sources of omega-6 fats are vegetable oils such as corn oil and soy oil that contain a high proportion of linoleic acid.

The dense composition of the oil, it can sometime prove difficult to formulate with other ingredients

Eg. Nanoemulsion

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Probiotics

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that can be found in various foods.

When you eat probiotics, you will add these healthy bacteria to your intestinal tract.

Common strains include Lactobacillis and Bifidobacterium families of bacteria.

Eg. Nanoliposomes and Nanoniosomes

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Prebiotics

Prebiotics are non-digestible foods that make their way through our digestive system and help good bacteria grow and flourish.

Prebiotics keep beneficial bacteria healthy.

Eg. Nanoencapsulation

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Plant stanols and sterols

Plant sterols and stanols are naturally occurring substances found in plants.

They are present in small quantities in many fruits, vegetables, vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, cereals and legumes.

Eg. Enhance aqueous solubility

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Botanicals

Range of substances which is covered by ‘Botanicals’.

Extracts from non-gmo, live plants & seeds

All plant derived substances which occur in nature

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Superfruit extracts and antioxidants

Fruit which combines exceptional nutrient richness and antioxidant quality with appealing taste that can stimulate and retain loyalty for consumer products.

Some popular fruits like Apples, oranges, tomatoes, strawberries, blackcurrants, blackberries are not commonly mentioned as superfruits.

Eg. Nanosuspension, Capros®

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Carotenoid antioxidants

Carotenoids are tetraterpenoid organic pigments that are naturally occurring in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like algae, some bacteria, and some types of fungus.

Eye Formula combines distinctive flavonoids, carotenoids, and antioxidants known to nourish and protect the delicate cellular tissue of eyes, naturally

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Soy protein isoflavones

Soy protein and isoflavones (phytoestrogens) have gained considerable attention for their potential role in improving risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Soy protien isoflavones for enteral, parenteral, or topical administration.

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Cosmetic

Many cosmetic products include particulate material or emulsions.

Some examples of cosmetic products consisting of or including particulates include facial powders, moisturizers, lipstick etc.

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Facial Powders

Face powders may include talc, kaolin, iron oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide.

In addition to appearance enhancement, face powders can also provide sunscreen protection with the inclusion of strong light scattering components such as zinc oxide.

The particle size distribution of these components effects appearance, stability, and sunscreen protection.

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Facial Powders

Moisturizers

Moisturizers are applied to the skin to improve hydration, protect from drying, and improve appearances.

Most moisturizers are oil in water emulsions with additives to improve stability or provide additional benefits such as sun screening properties.

Formulating oil in water emulsions often requires knowledge of both the size distribution of the dispersed phase (oil) and the charge on the surface of the droplets (the zeta potential).

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Nanoemulsion

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Lipstick

The selection of pigments used for lipstick plays an important role in the final appearance.

Many pigments used in lipstick are particulate including effect pigments that add silk or pearlescent attributes.

Smaller particles create satin and silky effects while larger particle sizes create high luster effects such as sparkle.

Pearlescent pigments also add a shine to the appearance of the lipstick.

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Lipstick

Patents for Nanotechnolog in Cosmetics

Company ApplicationTitle

Key Language/Abstract (relevant claim in bold

Date of Filed

Published Application/Patent Number

Colgate-Palmolive

Deodorant with small particle zinc oxide

This invention comprises a one phase cosmetic composition which can be made as a stick, gel or cream

February 9, 2001

6358499

L’Oreal Cosmetic composition comprising a polyglycerolated silicone elastomer

Nanoparticles are between 5 nm and 600 nm in size

March 22,2005

2005220728

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Nanotechnology Based Cosmetic Product

Moisturisers

Hair care products

Make up and suncreen

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Main Uses of Nanotechnology

1. Use of nanoparticles as UV filters

2. Use of nanotechnology for delivery

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Use of nanoparticles as UV filters

Titanium dioxide (Tio2) and zinc oxide (Zno) are the main compounds used in these applications.

Organic alternative to these have also been developed

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Use of nanotechnology for delivery

Nanoliposomes and Nanoniosomes are used in the cosmetic industry as delivery vehicles.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have been found to be better performers than liposomes

NLCs have been identified as a potential next generation cosmetic delivery agent that can provide enhanced skin hydration, bioavailability, stability of the agent and controlled occlusion

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Nanotechnology R&D in Cosmetics

Vesicular Delivery Systems (Nanoliposome & Nanoniosome) Nanoemulsions Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Dendrimers & Hyperbranched polymers Nanocrystals & Nanopowder Nanoencapsulation and controlled release Cubosomes Nanotechnology for UV protection Nanomechanical and Nanotribological study of hair Fullerenes

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Vesicular Delivery Systems

Nanoliposomes

Nanoniosomes

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Nanoliposomes

Liposomes are vesicular structures with an aqueous core surrounded by a hydrophobic lipid bilayer, created by the extrusion of phospholipids.

Phospholipids are GRAS (generally recognised as safe) ingredients, therefore minimising the potential for adverse effects.

The first liposomal cosmetic product to appear on the market was the anti-ageing cream ‘Capture’ launched by Dior in 1986.

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Nanoliposomes

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Nanoniosomes

Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant based vesicles that have a similar structure to that of phospholipid vesicles like liposomes.

They can be used to encapsulate aqueous solutes and act as drug and cosmetic carriers.

They are formed by the self-assembly of non-ionic

surfactants in aqueous media.

The first product ‘Niosome’ was introduced in 1987 by L’Oréal company.

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Nanoniosomes

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Nanoemulsions

Nanoemulsions are dispersions of nanoscale droplets of one liquid within another.

These emulsions are metastable systems whose structure can be manipulated based on the method of preparation to give different types of product e.g. water-like fluids or gels.

Several companies supply ready to use emulsifiers for creating stable nanoemulsions for cosmetic applications.

L’Oreal own several patents on nanoemulsion based technologies.

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Nanoemulsion

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Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are nanometre sized particles with a solid lipid matrix.

They are oily droplets of lipids which are solid at body temperature and stabilised by surfactants.

Their production is a relatively simple process where the liquid lipid (oil) in a nanoemulsion is exchanged by solid lipids.

This process does not require organic solvents.

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Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers

Lipid particles have been developed by mixing solid lipids with liquid lipids (Nanostructured Lipid Carriers-NLCs).

Compared to SLNs, NLCs have a distorted structure which makes the matrix structure imperfect and creates spaces to accommodate active compounds.

The high loading capacity and long term stability offered by the NLCs make them superior to SLNs in many cosmetic applications.

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Nanostructured Lipid Carriers

Dendrimers

Dendrimers considered for use in the cosmetic industry.

Dendrimers are unimolecular, monodisperse, micellar nanostructures, around 20 nm in size, with a well-defined, regularly branched symmetrical structure and a high density of functional end groups at their periphery.

They are prepared in a step-wise fashion, with an architecture like a tree branching out from a central point.

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Dendrimers

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Hyperbranched Polymers

Hyperbranched polymers are effectively disorganised, unsymmetrical dendrimers that are prepared in a single synthetic polymerisation step, making them much more cost-effective than dendrimers.

The large number of external groups suitable for multifunctionalisation which is a requirement for its use as a cosmetic agent carrier.

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Hyperbranched Polymers

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Nanocrystals

Nanocrystals have been used in the cosmetic industry for the delivery of poorly soluble actives.

They are aggregates comprising several hundred to tens of

thousands of atoms that combine into a "cluster".

Typical sizes of these aggregates are between 10-400 nm and they exhibit physical and chemical properties somewhere between that of bulk solids and molecules.

The crystals must be stabilised to prevent larger aggregates from forming.

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Nanocrystals

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Nanopowder

Nanopowder are solid particles that measure on the nanoscale, usually comprised of three to five molecules together.

Nanopowder have been of extreme interest in the Cosmetic field.

Smaller particles mean better absorption by the body therefore less drug is needed.

Because of a combination of these, side effects are lessened due to better use of cosmetics.

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Nanopowder

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Nanoencapsulation and controlled release

Such nanosized particles which have a shell and an interior space that can be used to load drugs are called nanocapsules.

Different types of nanocapsules are required depending on the nature of the material (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) to be incorporated.

Polymers have been widely used to create nanocapsules which are then functionalised for various applications.

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Nanoencapsulation and controlled release

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Cubosomes

Cubosomes are nanostructured particles of bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phase.

Bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phase is an optically clear, very viscous material that has a unique structure at the nanometer scale.

They have high heat stability and are capable of carrying hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules.

They are an attractive choice for cosmetic applications as well as for drug delivery.

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Cubosomes

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Nanotechnology for UV protection

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles have been widely used for many years as UV filters in sunscreens.

Products using nanoparticles of ZnO or TiO2 are transparent so have increased aesthetic appeal, are less smelly, less greasy and more absorbable by the skin.

Many sunscreens and moisturisers available now use these nanoparticles, including products from Boots, Avon, The Body Shop, L’Oréal, Nivea and Unilever.

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ZnO and TiO2 Nanoparticles

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Nanomechanical and Nanotribological study of hair

Nanotechnology has been used to study the mechanical characteristics of hair.

Understanding the differences between hair types allows cosmetic companies to create products to suit individual hair types (e.g. ethnic differences between Caucasian, Asian and African hair) as these can respond differently to activities like shampooing, styling or colouring.

The hair care industry is also interested in the effect of

water on the nanomechanical properties of hair.

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Fullerenes

A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube.

Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and they resemble the balls used in association football.

Cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes.

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Fullerenes

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Contact No: 00919742431000E-mail: bknanjwade@yahoo.co.in