39

Mobi sysstem 4 Mobi igoogle nxnx x

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Isuzu nân xjxkx

Citation preview

  • Convention

    on

    International

    Trade in

    Endangered

    Species

  • OUTLINE:�Introduction and Brief History

    �How it works

    �Authority Structure

    �Local

    �Global Trade Report

  • Annually, international wildlife trade is estimated to be worth

    billions of dollars and to include hundreds of millions of plant

    and animal specimens.

  • Brief History

    1963-a result of a resolution adopted at a meeting of members

    of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources)

    3 MARCH 1973- text of the Convention was finally agreed at a meeting of

    representatives of 80 countries in Washington, D.C., the USA

    1 JULY 1975- convention entered in force

  • What is CITES?

    �an international agreement between

    governments

    �aim is to ensure that international

    trade in specimens of wild animals

    and plants does not threaten their

    survival

  • How does it work?

    � it subjects international trade in specimens of

    selected species to certain controls

    � all import, export, re-export and introduction

    has to be authorized through a licensing system

    � species covered are listed in three Appendices,

    according to the degree of protection they

    need

  • Three Appendices

    � APPENDIX I

    � APPENDIX II

    � APPENDIX III

    includes species threatened with extinction. Trade in

    specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional

    circumstances.

    includes species not necessarily threatened with extinction,

    but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid

    utilization incompatible with their survival.

    contains species that are protected in at least one country,

    which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in

    controlling the trade.

  • Roughly 5,600 species of animals and 30,000 species of plants

    are protected by CITES against over-exploitation through

    international trade.

  • CITES Secretariat distributes information to the

    Parties. It is administered by UNEP and is located

    at Geneva, Switzerland.

  • Authority

    - the supreme decision-making body of the Convention and

    comprises all its member States

    CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES (COP)

    ① review progress in the conservation of species

    ② consider/adopt proposals to amend the lists of species

    ③ consider discussion documents and reports

    ④ recommend measures to improve the effectiveness

    ⑤ make provisions (including the adoption of a budget) necessary

    to allow the Secretariat to function effectively

  • Authority

    ① provides policy guidance to the Secretariat concerning the

    implementation of the Convention and oversees the

    management of the Secretariat's budget

    ② coordinates and oversees, where required, the work of other

    committees and working groups

    ③ carries out tasks given to it by the COP

    ④ drafts resolutions for consideration by the COP

    - Members are Parties representing the 6 major geographical

    regions (Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Central and South

    America and the Caribbean, and Oceania)

    STANDING COMMITTEE

  • PARTYRatification: 18 AUGUST 1981

    Entry into force: 16 NOVEMBER 1981

  • Convention

    on

    Biodiversity

  • OUTLINE:�Introduction and Brief History

    �Authority

    �Objectives

    �CBD International

    �CBD National

  • Introduction

    Biodiversity is the variety of different

    types of life found on Earth. It is a

    measure of the variety of organisms

    present in different ecosystems. This can

    refer to genetic variation, ecosystem

    variation, or species variation (number

    of species) within an area, biome, or

    planet.

  • BIODIVERSITY

    Why is it so important?

    Why should I care?

  • BIOLOGICAL SERVICES

    Protecting areas from soil

    erosion, floods and other

    harmful weather conditionsReducing the risk

    of local and

    global climate

    change

    Pollination and biological control

    Controlling pollutants

    Monitoring the

    health of the

    environment

    Economic Value

    - Food

    - Medicine

    - Commercial

    use

    Cultural and aesthetic values

    Recycling nutrients

  • THREATS

    Habitat destruction Genetic pollution

    Climate change

    Human overpopulation

    Hybridization, genetic pollution/erosion and

    food security

    Overexploitation

  • Brief History

    NOVEMBER 1988

    - United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) convened the Ad

    Hoc Working Group of Experts on Biological Diversity

    MAY 1989

    - established the Ad Hoc Working Group of Technical and Legal

    Experts to prepare an international legal instrument for the

    conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity

    FEBRUARY 1991

    - the Ad Hoc Working Group become known as the

    Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee

    22 MAY 1992

    - Nairobi Conference for the Adoption of the Agreed Text of the

    Convention on Biological Diversity

  • Brief History

    June 5, 1992 - opened for signature at the UN Conference on Environment and

    Development (the Rio "Earth Summit").

    - 168 signatures

    - Convention entered into force Dec 29, 1993

  • Authority

    - consisting of all governments (and regional economic integration

    organizations) that have ratified the treaty

    ① reviews progress under the Convention

    ② identifies new priorities

    ③ sets work plans for members

    ④ can make amendments to the Convention

    ⑤ create expert advisory bodies

    ⑥ review progress reports by member nations

    ⑦ collaborate with other international organizations and agreements

    CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES (COP)

  • Objectives

    ①The conservation of biological diversity

    ①The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity

    ①The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of

    genetic resources

  • Additional facts

    on the CONVENTION

    ① stands as a landmark in international law

    ①covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources

    ①covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology, addressing technology

    development and transfer, benefit-sharing and

    biosafety

    ② legally binding; countries that join it are obliged to implement its provisions.

  • INTERNATIONAL

    LEVEL

  • Protocols and

    Supplementary Agreements

    ① Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

    ② Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable

    Sharing of Benefits Arising from their

    Utilization

    ③ Access and Benefit-sharing Clearing-House (ABS Clearing-House)

  • Cartagena Protocol

    • an international agreement on biosafety, as a

    supplement to the Convention on Biological

    Diversity

    • seeks to protect biological diversity from the

    potential risks posed by genetically modified

    organisms resulting from modern biotechnology

  • Nagoya Protocol

    • a 2010 supplementary agreement to the CBD

    • provides a transparent legal framework for the

    implementation of one of the three objectives

    of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of

    benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic

    resources

  • Access and Benefit-sharing

    • a platform for exchanging information on

    access and benefit-sharing established as part

    of Clearing-House Convention

    • a key tool for facilitating the implementation of

    the Nagoya Protocol, by enhancing legal

    certainty and transparency on procedures for

    access, and for monitoring the utilization of

    genetic resources

  • International Day

    The United Nations has proclaimed

    May 22 The International Day for Biological Diversity (IDB)

    to increase understanding and awareness of

    biodiversity issues.

  • NATIONAL

    LEVEL

  • Reporting

    � each government that joins the Convention is to report on

    what it has done to implement the accord, and how

    effective this is in meeting the objectives of the

    Convention.

    � reports are submitted to theConference of the Parties (COP)

    � reports can be viewed by the citizens of all nations

    � The national reports, particularly when seen together, are

    one of the key tools for tracking progress in meeting the

    Convention's objectives.

  • Participation

    � Party since 1994-01-06

    � Cartagena 2007-01-03