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MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANT PATIENTS IN ORAL SURGERY
SUBMITTED BYMANJARI RESHIKESHIII BDSDEPARTMENT OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
Pregnancy has been considered as an impediment to dental treatment,
preventive, emergency and routine dental procedures - suitable during various phases of pregnancy, with some modifications and initial planning
STAGES OF PREGNANCYFIRST TRIMESTER(0-12WKS)
SECOND TRIMESTER(13-28WKS)
THIRD TRIMESTER(29-40WKS)
MATERNAL CONCERSANATOMIC CHANGES
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
PSYCHOLOGIC CHANGES
ANATOMIC CHANGESWEIGHT : Uterus weight from 70gm 1 kg
► VOLUME : Uterus volume from 10ml 5000 ml
SIZE: size increases
SHAPE: Pyriform to globular
PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGESCardiovascular systemRespiratory systemGastrointestinal systemRenal systemHematological systemEndocrine system
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Cardiac output increase 30% in first
trimester. Then
BP normal in 1st and in 2nd trimester
2nd trimester heart rate increases 10 beats/min
3-4% - pre eclampsia and eclampsia (hypertensive disorder of pregnancy)
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Morning sickness-Nausea,
vomiting and giddiness Increase gastric acid production
Indigestion and hypo chlorhydria occur
Decrease gastric mobility&constipation
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM►Overall activity increases
Diaphragm is displaced upward3~4cm&residual volume decrease
rib flare out with wide chest
►Oxygen consumption increase 15~20 %►Respiratory rate increases
RENAL SYSTEMIncreased GFR and urine(diluted)
In first trimester frequency of urination increases –pressure exerted by bladder
Urinary tract infection common
HEMATOLOGICAL CHANGESTotal blood volume
increase 40~50% (1500ml) Hemoglobin & hematocrit
volume decrease
Plasma levels of factors VII, VIII, X and fibrinogen increase
Fibrinolytic activity decrease
ENDOCRINE CHANGES
Estrogen & progesterone increased. LH &FSH decrease Thyroxin, steroid and insulin level are also increased.
HPL causes increase size of breasts
45 % -fail to produce sufficient amount of insulin & develop gestational diabetes.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGESFIRST TRIMESTER Anxiety Sudden emotional
swings Fear of abortions
SECOND TRIMESTER Self conscious
about weight &Appearance
Regarding movemnts of baby
THIRD TRIMESTER• Anxiety about
labor and baby
POSITIONING OF PATIENT IN EACH TRIMESTERS
LATTER PART OF 1st trimester-semi reclining
SECOND TRIMESTER-Semi Reclining position
THIRD TRIMESTER-LEFT LATERAL DECUBITUS POSITION(30° left lateral tilt) to prevent supine hypotensive syndrome
SUPINE HYPOTENSION SYNDROME Third trimester 10-15% Compression of inferior vena
cava & aorta Decrease venous return to heart Decrease utero placental
perfusion and fetal distress
LEFT LATERAL DECUBITUS POSITION Elevate the right hip 10-12cm by
keeping a small pillow –Left lateral displacement
Sit up position
FOETAL CONCERNS
Ovum- from fertilization to implantation period (0-17 days)
Embryonic period- from the second through eighth week
Fetal period- after the eighth week until term
OVUM PERIOD►Conception to 17 days
►Cellular mitotic activity
►toxic substances - spontaneous abortion
EMBRYO PERIOD18-55 days (2nd~8th wk)
Organogenesis
Most vulnerable to teratogens
Functional & morphologic malformation may occur
FETAL PERIOD• 56 days onwards
• Growth & development
FIRST TRIMESTER(1-12 weeks) Stage of organogenesis when all the
major organs are laid down and starts functioning.
50% of abortions MOST SUSCEPTIBLE TO ADV EFFECTS OF
TERATOGENS AVOID ALL ELECTIVE CARE BUT PROVIDE
CARE AS NEEDED AVOID X RAYS Tooth extraction-Latter part of 1st
trimester
SECOND TRIMESTER(13-28weekS)
• Organogenesis complete
• Fetal growth and maturation
• Gains weight rapidly
• SAFEST PERIOD TO PROVIDE DENTAL CARE
THIRD TRIMESTER(29-40weeks)
• Fetus fully developed and ready for delivery
• Dental treatments are contraindicated
• Premature labor or abortion
• Extraction- First month of last trimester
RADIOGRAPHY Dose given & time of gestation Fetus - susceptible to radiation
during first trimester(2nd -6th wks) Single dental x ray - 0.01 milli
rads
HAZARDS OF IRRADIATION• Death of embryo
• Birth of deformed child
• Increased frequency of malignancy.eg.Leukemia
PREVENTION OF IRRADIATION HAZARD Make the film if it is absolutely essential for
diagnosis(RCT,Trauma)
Use lead-shielding
Use long cone, proper collimation & shielding
Limited to affected tooth
Extra care taken while making films to eliminate the need for repeated exposure
MEDICATIONS†Local anesthesia†Antibiotics†Analgesics†Corticosteroids†Sedatives
MEDICATIONS &GENERAL EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN PREGNANCYFIRST TRIMESTER: Congenital malformations(teratogenesis)
SECOND TRIMESTER: Affect growth & Fetal development or toxic effects on fetal tissues
THIRD TRIMESTER: Adverse effects on labour or neonate after delivery
DRUG CATEGORIES
Some of the X category drugs are:1. Ribavirin2. -Accutane(isoretinoine)3. Thalidomide - phocomelia4. Sodium valproate5. Phenytoin6. Phenobarbitone7. Methotrexate8. Warfarin(Fetal warfarin syndrome)
LOCAL ANESTHESIA• Not teratogenic
• used in pregnancy with no proven ill effects
• intravascular injections -the concn - too low to harm fetus
• Prilocaine may cause methemoglobinemia
LOCAL ANAESTHETICS USED IN PREGNANCY
CLASS B• Lidocaine• Etidocaine• Prilocaine
CLASS C• Procaine• Bupivacaine• Mepivacaine
ANTIBIOTICS USED IN PREGNANCYPENICILLIN FDAB safe- all trimesters No teratogenic effects Pass the placenta
CEPHALOSPORIN Cephalexin-FDA B Erythromycin(BASE) FDA-B
ANTIBIOTICS TO AVOID DURING PREGNANCY • Erythromycin (estolate form)
• Vancomycin
• Tetracycline(D)-tendonitis ,tendon rupture
• Chloramphenicol(C) –greybaby synd, BD,
• Aminoglycosides(D)-oto-toxicity, nephrotoxicity
• Trimethoprim-decreased folicacd synthesis
MNEMONICS
OTHER ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS USED IN PREGNANCY
• Nystatin (B)
• Chlorhexidine rinse (B)
• Clotrimazole (C)
• Ketoconazole (C)
• Fluconazole (C)
ANALGESICS Identify cause- avoid use
ANALGESICS USED IN PREGNANCY1. Paracetamol (B)- safest2. Acetaminophen(B)-safe
CONT… Ibuprofen( B/C) Avoid in 3rd trimester
Cox-2 inhibitors (C) Avoid in 3rd trimester
Codeine (C) Avoid in 3rd trimester
Morphine (B) Fentanyl (B)
ANALGESICS TO AVOID DURING PREGNANCYNSAIDSAspirin- tetralogy of fallot prolonged pregnancy and labor increased risk of hemorrhage Premature closure of DAIbuprofen avoided in 3rd-circulatory
problrms
Codeine-3rd trimester-fetal withdrawal &Respirtory depressn
CORTICOSTEROIDSNot commonly used in
pregnant patients:1. Inhibit brain growth 2. Cleft palate Indicated only for treating severe
systemic illnessPREDNISOLONE(B)-used
SEDATIVESSedatives/anxiolytics are rated as FDA-D Can cause oral clefts on prolonged exposure
BARBITURATESa) Cross the placental membraneb) Chronic barbiturate use-withdrawal syndromec) Cleft palate-lip
BENZODIAZEPINES(Diazepam)1. Cleft lip and palate2. Chronic diazepam user-tremors in infants
INHALATIONAL SEDATVES Increase rate of spontanous abortion NO2 not be used in 1st trimester If used in 2nd and 3rd,do not go below 50%
OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES IN DENTAL OFFICESYNCOPE
MORNING SICKNESS
SEIZURES
BLEEDING AND CRAMPING
SYNCOPE All trimester causes-1. Hypotension,2. dehydration, 3. anemia,4. hypoglycemia and 5. neurogenic disorder
Turned to left sideAdminister O2 &maintain vital signsNot revived with ammonia
Sugar containing fluids given
MANAGEMENT
MORNING SICKNESSNausea & vomiting
• Avoid morning appointments• Enhanced gag reflex• Oropharygeal suction –prevent
aspiration • Chest compression- advanced
stages of pregnancy
MANAGEMENT
SEIZURES Cause- Eclampsia Signs- generalized edema elevated BP (sys>140 & dia> 90), severe headaches, blurred vision,
or abdominal pain . Seizure with aspiration of
gastric contents - maternal death.
Hypoxia - fetal death.
MANAGEMENT
IF seizure develop during dental treatment
administer oxygen by placing her on her left lateral position,
apply suction to the airway
provide emergency transport to a hospital.
BLEEDING AND CRAMPINGvaginal bleeding -sign of impending miscarriage.
MANAGEMENT
place on left side,
administer oxygen
transport to the nearest hospital
THANK YOU