Pharmacology for Hearing & Speech Sciences

DR. GHULAM SAQULAINM.B.B.S., D.L.O., F.C.P.SHEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF ENTCAPITAL HOSPITAL, ISLAMABAD

Speaker’s Intro M.B.BS Dow Medical College, Karachi 1989. Diploma in Otolaryngology Karachi University 1991 Fellowship of The College of Physicians & Surgeons from CPSP 1999. Experience 24 years

◦ Civil Hospital Karachi ◦ National Institute of Rehab Medicine HOD◦ Capital Hospital CDA HOD

◦ Resource Person Special Education department of AIOU ◦ Visiting faculty for SLP &HS Isra University

Pharmacology for Hearing & Speech Sciences

DR. GHULAM SAQULAINM.B.B.S., D.L.O., F.C.P.S

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF ENTCAPITAL HOSPITAL, ISLAMABAD

This workshop aims at providing pharmacological knowledge required in the management of patients with speech language and hearing problems. This includes basic general pharmacological knowledge as well as relevant clinical pharmacology.

Numerous patients present to speech language pathologists and audiologists, with drug induced speech language, swallowing and hearing problems. Some also require pharmaceutical products to help treat their conditions in addition to therapies. The objective of this two days workshop is to disseminate this core knowledge

First Day Program 10.00-11.30 Session 1:

Pharmacology & its Branches/ DivisionsDrug and drug nomenclatureStandard sources of drug informationSources and active principles of drugs.

11.30-12.00 Tea 12.00-01.30 Session 2:

◦ Dosage forms and doses of drugs.◦ Drug administration◦ Drugs in Pregnancy /Causing Disabilities in Newborn

01.30-02.00 Lunch 02.00-04.00 Session 3:

Classes/ Groups of DrugsOtotoxicityTinnitus

Second Day Program 09.00-11.00 Session 4:

DysarthriaDysphoniaStutteringDrug treatment of Pervasive Developmental Disorders

11.00-11.30 Tea 11.30-01.30 Session 5:

◦ Absorption of drugs ◦ Bio availability◦ Plasma half-life of drugs◦ Steady state concentration◦ Swallowing Disorders

01.30-02,00 Lunch 02.00-04.00 Session 6:

◦ Pro-drug, Biotransformation of drugs, enzyme induction & inhibition and Entero-hepatic circulation.

◦ Aphasia

Session 1 Pharmacology & its Branches/ Divisions

Drug and drug nomenclature, Prescription

Standard sources of drug information

Sources and active principles of drugs.

What is Pharmaceutical Care?

“ A practice in which a practitioner takes responsibility for a patient’s drug related needs and holds him or herself accountable for meeting these needs.”

Linda Strand 1997

Pharmaceutical Care

“ Are you competent to provide this care.”

Medical & Dental council registration is mandatory & only qualified person is

entitiled for this registration

Linda Strand 1997

Your Responsibilities

• Identify actual and potential drug related problems

• Resolve actual drug related problems

• Prevent potential drug related problems

• Refer back the patient to his / her healthcare provider

Pharmacology BasicsGENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

What is Pharmacology?

(Greek “Pharmacon” – drug, “logos” - teaching)

Pharmacology is the study of the effects of chemical substances on living systems, and the study of the effects of living systems on chemical

substances.

Pharmaceutical explosion

Nowadays there are over 350 thousand drugs in the world which are used for different diseases

200 000 people in U.S.A. die from side effects of drugs annually

76,6 billion $ are spared in U.S.A. annually to treat complications attached to drugs usage

Take 5th place among causes of mortality on the Earth after cardiac-vascular diseases, malignant tumors, lungs diseases, traumas

Among stationary patients frequency of SE after introduction of drugs makes 2-40 %

Doctors: ◦ Overdosing◦ Administration of drugs to patients with allergy◦ Mixing up names of the drugs

Medical nurses:◦ Introduction of other drug by a mistake◦ Violation of drug introduction regime◦ Mistake in medical form◦ Mixing up names of the drugs

Branches/Divisions

PharmacotherapeuticsIt is the usage of drugs in everyday medical therapy.

Pharmacokinetics—(what the body does to the drug)◦ It is the branch of pharmacology that deals with drug dose, routes of

administration and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

The Life Cycle of a Drug(pharmacokinetics)

Absorption

Distribution

Degradation

Excretion

Pharmacodynamics—(what the drug does to the body)◦ It is a branch of pharmacology that deals with the mechanism of action,

pharmacological effects, indication and contraindication of use and adverse effects of drugs.

What is Pharmacy?Pharmacy deals with the preparation and dispensing of medications.

Although pharmacy is also frequently considered a subdivision of pharmacology, this area has evolved into a distinct professional discipline.

Care must be taken not to use the terms “pharmacy” and “pharmacology” interchangeably, because these are quite different areas of study.

What is a DRUG

The term "drug" means [any] articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other

animals.

What is Drug NOMENCLATURE?

There are three categories of drug names for a drug:

◦ Chemical Name◦ E.g 1) Acetyl Salicylic Acid

2) 7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one◦ Generic Name

◦ E.g 1) Acetyl- salicylic acid

2) Diazepam◦ Trade Name

◦ E.g 1) Aspirin

2) Valium

What is a PRESCRIPTION

Prescription is composed of :

◦ Date: Validity of a prescription◦ Patient information◦ ℞ is a symbol meaning "prescription". It is sometimes transliterated as "Rx"

or just "Rx". This symbol originated in manuscripts as an abbreviation of the Late Latin verb recipe, "to take" or "take thus”. Literally, the Latin word recipe means simply "Take...."

◦ Drug information◦ Directions for the pharmacist◦ Directions for the patient◦ Refil information◦ Doctors information

Standard sources of drug information/DrugPharmacopoeia

Its an official book of drugs published under legal authority of the Govt. of the country. It is prepared by a pharmacopoea commission and its committees of experts appointed by the Govt.

It is a book published by authority of recognized body which contains list of drug, their properties, description, preparation and method of prescribing.

Drugs listed in pharmacopoeias are called official drugs It describes the standards and specifications of drugs including physical properties, tests for their identity, purity and potency.

Drugs manufactured and sold must conform to above criteria It is revised every five years:

◦ The new drugs which are safer and more effective are included ◦ The less useful and unsafe drugs are deleted.

Pharmacopoeias are published by many countries of the world

◦ Eg., British Pharmacopoeia – BP◦ United states Pharmacopoeia – USP◦ European Pharmacopoeia – EP◦ International Pharmacopoeia – PI◦ National Formulary NF

Pakistan National Formulary PNF

1. It is a publication of the drugs registered by Federal Ministry of Health, Govt. of Pakistan to be marketed in the country

2. It includes all drugs manufactured in Pakistan and imported from abroad.