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Weight Gain – 10-12 kg
Fetus - 3.3kg
Uterus - 0.9kg
Placenta - 0.6kg
Liquor amni -
0.8kg
Breast - 0.4kg
Increase in bldvolume – 1.3kg
Increase in extracellular fluid – 1.2kg
Accumulation of fat & protein –3.5kg
Reproductive
weight gain
Net maternal
weight gain
Skin changes
Linea
Nigra
Straie
Gravidarum
CHANGES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
DURING PREGNANCY
Size of heart : increases about 12%.
Cardiac Capacity :- increases 70-80ml.
Cardiac Output :- increases by 30-40% till 30weeks
increases15% till term
POSITION OF HEART :-
Due to elevation of diaphragm, the
heart pushed upward & outward with
slight rotation to left.
A. BLOOD VOLUME :-
o Increases gradually by 30 to 50
percent.
o This results in decrease concentration
of red blood cells and hemoglobin.
B. CARDIAC OUTPUT :-
o Increases about 30 percent during the
first and second trimester.
o Change in output is reflected in the
heart rate. It usually increases by 10
beats per minute.
C. BLOOD PRESSURE.
o Normally, the patient's blood pressure
will not rise.
Systemic blood pressure declines
slightly.
Diastolic blood pressure is reduced 5-
10mm of Hg from
D. VENOUS RETURN.
The lower extremities are often
hampered in the last months of
pregnancy due to the expanding uterus
restricting physical movement and
interfering with the return of blood flow.
This results in swelling of the feet and
legs.
CHANGES OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DURING
PREGNANCY Respiratory Rate : - Not alter
Amount of air exhaled per minute
increases from 7 to11 litres.
Increased Vascularity :- Nasal
Congetion.
Nose bleed
CHANGES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM DURING PREGNANCY
Each Kidney :- Increases in length 1-
1.5cm
Ureters :- Elongate, widen & curved
Increase urinary stasis
Bladder : Increased Vascularity
Decreased muscle tone
Edamtous bladder Mucosa.
Increased Frequency of Urine
G.F.R. :- Increases by 50%
CHANGES OF THE G.I. SYSTEM
DURING PREGNANCY
Oral Cavity :-
increaesed Saliva & saliva become
more acidic which promotes tooth
decay.
Gums – more sensitive, swell easily &
bleed.
Morning Sickness may present –
characterised by vomiting & poor
appetite.
Heart burn may present
CHANGES IN ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
Placental Hormones :-
Human Chorionic
Gonadotrophin(hCG) : secreted by
syncytiotrophoblast.
It can be detected in maternal urine
after 8-9days of fertilization.
It helps in maintaining the secretion of
progesterone by the corpus luteum
Human placental lactogen
(HPL)
Acts like growth hormone.
Important for increasing maternal blood
free fatty acids, glucose & insulin
concentration, increasing lipolysis
Maternal Endocrine glands
PITUITARY GLAND – enlarges &
cause headache.
Secretion of FSH & LH inhibited.
Posterior lobe secrets Oxytocin & it
increases in second stage of labour.
Thyroid gland
Enlarged & palpated.
Increased GFR.
Rise in BMR by 3rd month onwards.
Heart may beat faster causing
palpitation.
PARATHYROID HORMONE increases
throughout pregnancy.
PANCREASE
Glucose level in blood may slightly
decreased in early pregnancy.
In last half, level may increase.
Steroidal Hormone
Main hormones are – progesterone &
oestrogen.
Progesterone & oestrogen level
increase in early pregnancy.
These hormones stimulate growth of
uterus.
They help in starting of the normal
labour.
Also help in development of breasts
during pregnancy.
CHANGES OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM DURING PREGNANCY
There is alteration in the posture.
Later in pregnancy, it can lead to
numbness, aching & weakness in arms.
Hormones in pregnancy such as
progesterone , oestrogen & relaxin
helps in relaxation of pelvic joints.
Oestrogen makes pelvic joints movable
Progesterone relaxes & weaknes pelvic
ligamnets.
Relaxin soften pelvic joints & ligaments.