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emerging and re-emerging viruses
Monday, February 6, 2012
what are emerging infections?
Newly appeared in the population
Have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, February 6, 2012
EXAMPLES
Monday, February 6, 2012
Monday, February 6, 2012
Monday, February 6, 2012
PROCESS OF EMERGENCE
Introduction of the agent into a new host population, originating from:
environment
another host species
variant of an existing human infection
Establishment and further dissemination within the new host population
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, February 6, 2012
AGENT-RELATED FACTORS
Microbial adaptation
Mutation
Natural selection
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Evolutionary progression
Virulence factors
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, February 6, 2012
HOST-RELATED FACTORS
Human Susceptibility
immune status
nutrition
age
occupation, etc.
Human behavior and demographics
Affect disease dissemination
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, February 6, 2012
environment-related factors
(#1) Changing ecosystems / land use
Argentine, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
changes in agriculture (grassland to maize) favoring rodent host
Hantaviruses
Ecological or environmental changes increasing contact with rodent hosts
Rift Valley fever
agriculture, irrigation
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, February 6, 2012
environment-related factors
(#2) Economic development
Dengue/DHF
urbanization favoring mosquito vector
Lassa fever
urbanization favoring rodent hosts, increasing exposure
Rift Valley fever
dam buildingfrom PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, February 6, 2012
environment-related factors
(#3) Technology and industry
Hepatitis B and C
transfusions, organ transplants
Influenza (pandemic)
possibly pig-duck agriculture facilitating reassortment
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, February 6, 2012
environment-related factors
(#4) International travel and commerce
Dengue/DHF
Ebola, Marburg
In Europe and US, importation of monkeys
HIV
Influenza (pandemic)
SARS
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, February 6, 2012
environment-related factors
(#4) International travel and commerce
Dengue/DHF
Ebola, Marburg
In Europe and US, importation of monkeys
HIV
Influenza (pandemic)
SARS
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, February 6, 2012
