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I was asked to present something on Fibromyalgia during a Pain Summit. I ended up describing what we know so far about clinical features, evolution of diagnostic criteria and synthesized some recent guidelines.
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U P D A T E S I N
SIDNEY ERWIN T. MANAHAN, MD, FPCP, FPRA
FIBROMYALGIA
CHRONIC WIDESPREAD PAIN
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Spondyloarthritis
• SLE
• Vasculitic syndromes
• Infections
• Osteoarthritis
• Multiple soft tissue rheumatism
• Hypothyroidism
• Cervical myelopathy
• Spinal stenosis
• Major depression
• Drug-related
• FIBROMYALGIA
Burckhardt K, Goldenberg D. American Pain Society Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of
Fibromyalgia Syndrome Pain in Adults and Children, 2005.
FIBROMYALGIA
“Fibromyalgia is a chronic rheumatologic condition
characterized by widespread pain and the presence
of soft tissue tenderness.”
“Fibromyalgia is a syndrome characterized by
diffuse body pain associated with fatigue,
sleep disturbance, cognitive changes, mood
disturbance and other variable somatic
symptoms.”
Epidemiology
Prevalence 0.5-5%
• Females 3.5%
• Males 0.5%
Age
• Common 30-55 years*
• Pediatric 1.2 – 1.4%
Fibromyalgia in Males
• Fewer pain sites
• Fewer tender points
• Less fatigue
• Less somatic symptoms
Fitzcharles MA, Yunnus M. Pain Research and Treatment 2012. doi: 10.1155/2012/184835
FM Clinical Features
PAIN
Fatigue
Sleep disorders
Cognitive problems
Mood disorders
Anxiety disorders
100%
90%
90%
60%
50%
40%
The Company FM Keeps Functional Somatic Syndromes
DIAGNOSIS OF EXCLUSION?
5% 17% 22%
1990 ACR
• Widespread Pain of at
least 3 months duration
– Left and right side
– Above and below the
waist
– Axial pain
• 11/ 18 Tender points
Limitations of the ACR 1990
• Fails to capture other clinical features, i.e.
fatigue and sleep disturbance
• Tender points
• No. of tender points = severity; not for monitoring
• Correlates poorly with measures of disease activity
• Differences in performing the tender point
examination
• Not all meet TP criteria (e.q. those who were treated)
“25% of patients would no longer satisfy criteria
for Fibromyalgia on subsequent visits”
Other FM Criteria (Non-TP) SYMPTOM INTENSITY SCORE
• Pain in any of the following in the last 7 days
• Fatigue Visual Analogue Score (0-10 cm)
• FMS: Pain >8 Areas AND Fatigue >6cm
R/L Jaw
Neck
R/L Shoulder
R/L Upper Arm
R/L Forearm
Upper Back
Chest
Abdomen
Lower Back
R/L Hip
R/L Thighs
R/L Calves
Other FM Criteria (Non-TP)
Modified SYMPTOM INTENSITY SCORE
• SIS =
2
• mSIS >5.75
Fatigue VAS + Regional Pain Score
---------------------------------------------------
2
Detects Fibromyalgia
Assesses for co-morbid
depression
Over-all measure of health
2010 ACR Diagnostic Criteria
Widespread Pain Index (WPI)
Symptom Severity Score (SS)
• Fatigue
• Waking Unrefreshed
• Cognitive symptoms
• Somatic symptoms
2010 ACR Diagnostic Criteria
WIDESPREAD PAIN INDEX
• Pain in any of the ff areas in the last 7 days
R/L Jaw
Neck
R/L Shoulder
R/L Upper Arm
R/L Forearm
Upper Back
Chest
Abdomen
Lower Back
R/L Hip
R/L Thighs
R/L Calves
2010 ACR Diagnostic Criteria
SYMPTOM SEVERITY Score
How severe were the following in the past 7 days
• Fatigue
• Waking unrefreshed
• Cognitive symptoms
0 – No problems
1 – Slight or mild problems; intermittent
2 – Moderate or considerable problems; often present
3 – Severe, pervasive, continuous or life-disturbing
problems
2010 ACR Diagnostic Criteria
SYMPTOM SEVERITY Score
• Somatic Symptoms – Have you had any of the following in
the last 6 months
Blurred vision
Dry eyes
Tinnitus
Hearing difficulties
Mouth sores
Dry mouth
Dysgeusia
Headache
Dizziness
Fever
Chest pains
Dyspnea
Wheezing
Anorexia
Nausea
Heart burn
Diarrhea
Constipation
Itching
Hives/ welts
Vomiting
Easy bruising
Hair loss
Urinary symptoms
2010 ACR Diagnostic Criteria
Widespread Pain
Index (WPI)
Symptom Severity
Score (SS)
Fatigue
Waking unrefreshed
Cognitive symptoms
Somatic Symptoms
WPI > 7 and SS Score > 5
WPI 3-6 and SS Score > 9
* Symptoms present for at least 3 months
12?
How to use criteria
AT BASELINE
• 1990/ 2010 ACR Criteria, SIS, Other Criteria
• SS Score to document baseline severity
SUBSEQUENT VISIT
• SS Score to reassess severity
Managing Fibromyalgia 2007 (EULAR)
Carville SF, Arendt-Nielsen S, et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; doi:10.1136
2009 (S3) Hauser W, Eich W, et al. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106 (23): 383-91.
2010 (Spain) Alegre de Miguel C, Garcia Campayo J, et al. Actas Esp Pqiguiatr 2010; 38 (2): 108-20
2012 (Canada) Fitzcharles MA, Ste-Marie PA, et al.
What?
How?
For whom?
What Works (2007)
Intervention LoE / SoR Pain Function
Pharmacologic
Tramadol IB / A
Antidepressants
• Amitriptyline, Fluoxetine,
Duloxetine, Milnacipran,
Moclobemide and
Pirlindole
IB / A
Pregabalin
Pramipexole
Tropisetron
IB / A
What Works (UPDATED) Drugs LoE Dose Comments
Amitriptyline 1A 10-50 mg Frequent side effects
PREGABALIN 1A 150-450 mg FDA-approved, Long-term
efficacy
Duloxetine 1A 30-60 mg FDA-approved, Long-term
efficacy
Milnacipran 1A 25-200 mg FDA-approved
Gabapentin 1B 1200-2400 mg One large RCT
Fluoxetine 2A 20-60 mg Three small RCT
Paroxetine 2B 20 mg One large RCT
Tramadol 2B 50-300 mg Two RCT Tramadol 150 mg +
Paracetamol 1300 mg
IASP Pain: Clinical Updates Vol XVIII Issue 4 June 2010
What Works (2007)
Intervention LoE / SoR
Non-Pharmacologic
Heated pool treatment IIA / B
Aerobic exercise and
strength training IIB / C
Cognitive behavioral
therapy IV / D
Relaxation, rehabilitation,
physiotherapy and
psychological support
IIB / C
The Impact of Aerobic Exercise
Parameter Effect Size P-value
Pain -0.31 (-0.46, 0.17) <0.001
Fatigue -0.22 (-0.38, -0.05) 0.006
Depressed Mood -0.32 (-0.53, -0.12) 0.002
HRQoL -0.40 (-0.60, -0.20) <0.001
Physical Fitness 0.65 (0.38, 0.93) <0.001
Sleep 0.01 (-0.19, 0.21) 0.92
Hauser et al. Arth Res Ther 2010: 12: R79
* compared vs. Placebo
Aerobic Ex Prescription
Parameter # Studies # Patients Effect Size P-value
TYPE OF EXERCISE
Land based 22 463 -0.29 (-0.46, -0.13) 0.0005
Water based 3 61 -0.67 (-1.04, -0.29) 0.0005
Mixed 4 43 -0.03 (-0.45, 0.39) 0.89
TYPE OF EXERCISE
AE only 12 273 -0.35 (-0.61, -0.09) 0.0008
Combined 17 294 -0.28 (-0.45, -0.15) 0.001
INTENSITY OF AEROBIC EXERCISE
<50% Max HR 1 37 -0.09 (-0.54, 0.36) NA
>50% Max HR 21 367 -0.26 (-0.42, -0.11) 0.02
Up to Patient 2 79 -0.42 (-0.77, -0.07) 0.0007
Hauser et al. Arth Res Ther 2010: 12: R79
Aerobic Ex Prescription
Parameter # Studies # Patients Effect Size P-value
DURATION OF STUDY
< 7 weeks 2 32 -1.16 (-1.86, -0.48) 0.001
7 – 12 weeks 13 194 -0.24 (-0.50, -0.02) 0.03
> 12 weeks 12 338 -0.24 (-0.40, -0.08) 0.004
FREQUENCY OF TRAINING
1/ week 2 37 -0.07 (-0.52, 03.9) 0.48
2/ week 5 127 -0.69 (-0.95, -0.27) 0.0004
3/ week 16 241 -0.35 (-0.62, -0.09) 0.009
>3/ week 4 142 -0.13 (-0.38, 0.13) 0.33
Hauser et al. Arth Res Ther 2010: 12: R79
Educating the FM Patient
• Symptoms do not lead to invalidism or shorten
life span
• Complete relief is not possible in all patients
• Goal is ADAPTATION
• Regular physical activity leads to adaptation
1
2
3
How to Use: S3 Guidelines
• Cognitive behavioral therapy (1A)
• Aerobic endurance training (1A)
• Pool-based exercises (1A)
• Spa therapy (1A)
• Amitriptyline (1A)
• Diagnosis and management of comorbids (5)
• Multimodal Therapy (1A)
• Short term pharmacotherapy (1A)
• Short term non-pharma
interventions (2A)
• Multimodal booster therapy (5)
• Complementary med (2B)
Start Level I
Interventions
Improvement
at 6 months?
Start Level 2
Interventions
Improvement
at 6months?
Start Level 3
Interventions
Improvement
12 months?
Improvement
at 6months?
Sufficient
functioning in
daily activities/
ADAPTATION
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
PATIENT TAILORED Approach
Multi-modal treatment
Multi-component treatment
Self-management strategies
Symptom based approach
Fibromyalgia Subgroups by Giesecke
• DEPRESSION
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
• ANXIETY
State-Trait Personality Inventory
• CATASTOPHISM
Coping Strategies Questionnaire
• HYPERALGESIA
Pain scale/ Painful Pressure
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
ANXIETY / DEPRESSION
Moderate High Normal
CATASTROPHISM/ COPING
Moderate High Low
HYPERALGESIA/ TENDER POINTS
Low High High
Giesecke Group 1
• Education
• Exercise program
• For depression
– SNRI (Duloxetine, Milnacipran)
and tricyclic antidepressants
• For anxiety
– Pregabalin, SSRI, SNRI
• For hyperalgesia
– Pregabalin, gabapentin
Giesecke Group 2
• Education
• Exercise program
• For depression
– SNRI (Duloxetine, Milnacipran)
and tricyclic antidepressants
• For anxiety
– Pregabalin, SSRI, SNRI
• For hyperalgesia
– Pregabalin, gabapentin
• Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Giesecke Group 3
• Education
• Exercise program
• For hyperalgesia
– Pregabalin, gabapentin
• Do not give SNRI, SSRI, TCA
• No Cognitive Behavioral Tx
Dosage of Pregabalin Used (n=1,134)
48
97 97 98
274
68 65
243
88
56
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
25 mg 50 mg 75 mg 100 mg 150 mg 200 mg 225 mg 300 mg 450 mg 600 mg
Dosages of Duloxetine Used (n=1,377)
73
239
23
714
2
125
194
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
20 mg 30 mg 40 mg 60 mg 80 mg 90 mg 120 mg
Efficacy
15
34
26
16
10
20
37
22
13
7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Major Moderate Slight None Unsure
Duloxetine (n=316) Pregabalin (n=319)
Adverse Events
19
26 28
26
29 30
25
16
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Severe Moderate Mild None
Duloxetine (n=432) Pregabalin (n=418)
Most Common AEs: Pregabalin
164
102
95
92
81
76
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Weight gain
Brain fog
AM Sleepiness
Dizziness
Lack of concentration
Blurry vision
Most Common AEs: Duloxetine
97
90
89
76
72
57
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Decreased libido
Increased sweating
Nausea
Dizziness
Brain cloud
Insomnia
Summary
• Described the clinical features of fibromyalgia
• Compared the utility of the 1990 vs 2010 ACR Diagnostic Criteria
• Synthesized recommendations of different practice guidelines
• Reported patient experience on the use of two FDA-approved fibromyalgia treatments