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© 2008 LWW
Therapeutic Massage
Adapted from Adapted from Therapeutic Modalities: Art & Therapeutic Modalities: Art & ScienceScience, Knight & Draper (2008) for KIN 195, Knight & Draper (2008) for KIN 195
© 2008 LWW
What Is Massage & Why Use It?What Is Massage & Why Use It?
• Systematic manual manipulation of the body’s tissues to restore normal function
• In North America, massage is considered to be alternative medicine.
• Elsewhere, it has been regarded as an important component of mainstream health care.
© 2008 LWW
Use & Abuse of Sports Massage Use & Abuse of Sports Massage
• Therapeutic sports massage can be a valuable tool.
• Athletes abuse it when a proper cool down is all they need.
• Important that athletes perform a proper cool down after each workout and athletic competition.
© 2008 LWW
Use & Abuse of Sports Massage (cont.)
Use & Abuse of Sports Massage (cont.)
• Many types of massage strokes • Massage strokes vary by
– Applying more or less pressure– Using different parts of the hand– Changing direction of the stroke– Changing rhythm and speed of
application
© 2008 LWW
Effleurage Effleurage
• Gliding manipulation performed with light centripetal pressure that deforms subcutaneous tissue down to the deep fascia
– Directed toward the heart or proximally
© 2008 LWW
Effleurage (cont.)Effleurage (cont.)• Keys to applying
effleurage– Apply rhythmic stroking
on the skin.– Can be either light or
deep– Light massage promotes
relaxation and sensory reflexes.
– Deep massage promotes the mechanical effects.• Increases blood and
lymphatic circulation
© 2008 LWW
Effleurage (cont.)Effleurage (cont.)
– Deep stroking• Follow the course of veins and lymph
vessels.
– Superficial stroking• Follow the contour of body or the
underlying tissue.
– Use palms of both hands in a deliberate, rhythmic fashion.
© 2008 LWW
Effleurage (cont.)Effleurage (cont.)
• Keep one hand in contact with skin at all times by stroking in one direction with both hands and return to beginning with light finger tip contact or stagger hands, making contact with the second before lifting the first from the body.
• Begin and end massage with light effleurage.
© 2008 LWW
Pétrissage Pétrissage • From the French pétrir, “to knead”• Group of related techniques that repetitively
compress, (squeeze) shear, (wring), and release muscle tissue with varying amounts of drag
– Lift and glide
© 2008 LWW
Pétrissage (cont.)Pétrissage (cont.)
• Keys to applying pétrissage:– Lift and knead the tissue (skin,
subcutaneous, muscle).– Lift tissue between thumb and fingers or
fingers and palm– Then gently roll and knead tissue in hand.
© 2008 LWW
Pétrissage (cont.)Pétrissage (cont.)
– Gently wring muscle between two hands as if you were wringing water out of a dishrag.
– Often performed without lubricant or lotion
– Stretches and separates muscle fiber, fascia, and scar tissue
© 2008 LWW
Friction Massage Friction Massage • Repetitive, specific,
nongliding, shearing technique that produces movement between the fibers of dense connective tissue
– Increasing tissue extensibility
– Promotes ordered alignment of collagen within the tissues
© 2008 LWW
Friction Massage (cont.)Friction Massage (cont.)
• Rationale for applying friction massage is to mobilize muscle and separate adhesions in muscle, tendons, or scar tissue that restrict movement and cause pain.
• Sometimes chronic inflammation occurs because an injury does not go through the normal stages of inflammation and healing.
© 2008 LWW
Friction Massage (cont.)Friction Massage (cont.)
• The purpose is to try and increase inflammation (jump-start it) to a point at which the inflammatory process will run its normal course and the injury can progress.
• Keys to applying friction massage– Can be applied in a circular or transverse fashion– If circular, thumbs work in circular motion.
© 2008 LWW
Friction Massage (cont.)Friction Massage (cont.)
– If transverse, thumbs stroke tissue from opposite directions.
– Should be applied across fibers when treating a ligament or tendon
– When treating scar tissue in which the collagen has less regular organization, directions may be alternated or applied in a circular motion.
© 2008 LWW
Friction Massage (cont.)Friction Massage (cont.)
• Can use elbow on large muscles• Place muscle in relaxed position.• Apply sufficient pressure to reach
deep into tissue• Do not use on acute injury• Usually is painful• May be followed by stretching to
increase ROM
© 2008 LWW
Percussion Percussion
• Tapotement– Repeated
rhythmical light striking of the skin
• Techniques include
– Gentle tapping– Pounding– Cupping– Hacking– Slapping the skin
© 2008 LWW
Percussion (cont.)Percussion (cont.)
• Two main uses– For respiratory ailments to promote
phlegm mobilization– Stimulation for precompetition preparation
© 2008 LWW
Percussion (cont.)Percussion (cont.)
• Keys to applying percussion massage – Hacking is done
with the ulnar side of hand, with wrist and fingers limp• Karate chop
© 2008 LWW
Percussion (cont.)Percussion (cont.)
– During cupping, only the rim of the hand should come in contact with the body
© 2008 LWW
Percussion (cont.)Percussion (cont.)– Raindrops– Variation to
promote relaxation and desensitization of irritated nerve endings
– Applied by lightly touching the skin with fingers in an alternating manner• Typing
© 2008 LWW
Vibration Vibration • Shaking
– Repetitively moving soft tissue back and forth over the underlying bone with minimal joint motion
© 2008 LWW
Vibration (cont.)Vibration (cont.)
• Principal uses– Relaxation of skeletal muscle– As a stimulus for precompetition and
intercompetition owing to its effects of systemic arousal and enhanced awareness
© 2008 LWW
Vibration (cont.)Vibration (cont.)• Keys to applying
vibration massage– Apply moderate to
rapid shaking strokes to the skin.• Rapid for
precompetition• Moderate for
postcompetition– Can be applied with
the hands or with a machine
© 2008 LWW
Myofascial Release Myofascial Release • Combination of
traction with varying amounts of stretch
• Used to produce a moderate sustained force on the muscle and its fascia
• Currently, “Active Release Technique” is popular among Chiropractors
© 2008 LWW
Myofascial Release (cont.)Myofascial Release (cont.)
• Goal is to produce viscoelastic lengthening (creep) and plastic deformation of the fascia.
• Indicated to– Lengthen fascial layers– Restore mobility between fascial layers – Decrease the effects of adhesions
© 2008 LWW
Myofascial Release (cont.)Myofascial Release (cont.)
• Indicated for conditions in which chronic fascial shortening results in limited joint ROM and ease of movement
© 2008 LWW
Massage LubricantsMassage Lubricants
• Used to decrease friction and control the amount of glide and drag that occurs between the clinician’s moving hands and the client’s skin– Aids some techniques (where gliding is
required) – Hinders some techniques (friction)
© 2008 LWW
Massage Lubricants (cont.)Massage Lubricants (cont.)• Should be hypoallergenic• To Avoid risk of contamination, dispense
from:– Squeeze bottle– Pump– Shaker
• Four main types– Lotions– Oils– Creams– Powders
© 2008 LWW
Lotions Lotions
• Most commonly used in sports medicine– Examples include flexall, biofreeze, & icy-hot
• Opaque liquid suspensions of particles in either oil or water
• Lose their ability to lubricate fairly rapidly.• As we know from the ultrasound chapter,
some lotions claim to be conductive.
© 2008 LWW
Lotions (cont.)Lotions (cont.)
• Rapid absorption– However can be advantageous when
preparing for deeper or more vigorous strokes for which little or no lotion is wanted
• Clean up fairly easy with soap and water
© 2008 LWW
Oils Oils
• Aren’t used in sports medicine as much as lotions
• Lubricant of choice among massage therapists
© 2008 LWW
Oils (cont.)Oils (cont.)
• Mineral oil popular• Any high-quality vegetable oil can be
used– Sunflower– Olive– Almond– Safflower– Coconut– Jojoba
© 2008 LWW
Oils (cont.)Oils (cont.)
• Advantages– Doesn’t absorb into the skin very fast– Clinician doesn’t have to keep adding more
• Disadvantages – Messy and leave a stain– Cover clothing (clinician’s and patient’s) in the
direct vicinity of the treatment– Patient will need to shower after the treatment
or the area must be wiped off with disposable towels
© 2008 LWW
Sports Creams Sports Creams
• Thicker suspensions that fall midway between oils and lotions in their absorption rate
• Some contain more oil to promote gliding techniques.
• Other creams contain sticky substances, such as lanolin or beeswax, to reduce glide for tissue-release techniques.
© 2008 LWW
Sports Creams (cont.)Sports Creams (cont.)
• Many claim to be “deep acting”—rarely proven to be an accurate claim, similar to superficial heat sources.
• Active ingredients often include – Menthol– Capsaicin– Aloe vera
© 2008 LWW
Powders Powders
• Used when people refuse lotions, creams, or oils
• Unscented baby powder or cornstarch is commonly used.
• Weaknesses– Not very lubricative– Requires a lot of clean up
© 2008 LWW
Massage, DefinedMassage, Defined
A. Definition1. Systematic manual manipulation of the
body’s tissues2. One of the oldest and most widespread
healing techniques3. Most cultures use it, so there are many
variations.4. A skill based technique; licensed in many
states
© 2008 LWW
Massage EffectsMassage EffectsB. Effects
1. Large placebo effect 2. Depends on type, pressure, and speed of stroke3. Difficult to differentiate between physiological and
psychological effects4. Invigorate athlete: fast, deep strokes5. Promote relaxation: light slow stroking6. Promote blood flow: deep, vigorous, or friction7. Promotes lymph flow
© 2008 LWW
Massage Effects, (cont.)Massage Effects, (cont.)8. Decrease pain
a. Mechanical: interrupting muscular spasm and reducing edema
b. Chemical: increased blood and lymph flow to rid tissue of cellular wastes
c. General: activate cutaneous receptors to gate paind. Doesn’t promote endorphin release
9. Petrissage decreases neuromuscular excitability but only in muscles massaged.
10. Increased hamstring flexibility after routine of deep effleurage, circular friction, and transverse friction to hamstrings
© 2008 LWW
Massage Effects, (cont.)Massage Effects, (cont.)11. No effect on stride frequency or length in sprinters12. Muscular fatigue unaffected by massage between bouts (sprinters legs and pitchers arms)13. Recovery after exercise unaffected by massage14. No change in cardiac output, blood pressure, or lactic acid accumulation during submaximal treadmill running after massage
© 2008 LWW
Advantages of Massage Advantages of Massage
C. Advantages1. There is something healing about laying on of hands.2. Can be very relaxing and soothing3. Requires no special equipment4. Can become skilled in using it; extensive
background helps, but is not required. a. Can instruct individuals, family, and friends to do their own massage.
© 2008 LWW
Disadvantages of Massage Disadvantages of Massage
D. Disadvantages1. Time consuming2. Lotions, oils, and powders can get messy.3. Easy for therapist to overuse hands.
© 2008 LWW
Indications for Massage Indications for Massage
E. Indications1. Increase venous return2. Break pain–spasm–pain cycle3. Evoke systemic relaxation4. Improve or stimulate local blood flow
© 2008 LWW
Massage ContraindicationsMassage Contraindications
F. Contraindications1. Acute sprains and strains: massage may…
a. Increase the inflammatory responseb. Cause myositis ossificans
2. Over skin with lesions or disease conditionsa. May spread disease over the patient or to massage therapist
3. Sites where fractures have failed to heal4. People who are hypersensitive to touch
© 2008 LWW
Massage PrecautionsMassage Precautions
G. Precautions 1. Pitting edema
2. Hypertension
(why are these precautions?)
© 2008 LWW
Setup: Therapeutic Massage Setup: Therapeutic Massage
A. Make sure massage is proper modality for this situation.
B. Ensure a suitable environment, including1. Comfortable room temperature (68–72°F)2. Upholstered table to protect pressure points and
bony prominences (pelvic bones, ankles, head)3. Relaxed atmosphere
© 2008 LWW
Setup: Therapeutic Massage (cont.)Setup: Therapeutic Massage (cont.)
C. Position patient1. Both patient and clinician should be comfortable;
minimize overuse with good ergonomic positioning2. Place rolled up towel under body parts (for
instance the ankle) to increase comfort.
© 2008 LWW
Setup: Therapeutic Massage (cont.)Setup: Therapeutic Massage (cont.)
D. Make sure patient is properly draped with towels to ease apprehension about nudity (If massage involves body parts where this may be a concern).
E. Determine the type of massage to give.
1. What strokes to use and in what order 2. Determine use of lubricants.
© 2008 LWW
Parameters for MassageParameters for Massage
A. There are no set procedures.1. Clinician designs application to meet individual’s needs.2. Some Physical Therapists believe in no more than 6-8 min. per
area of treatment, or other modalities should be used instead.
B. During the treatment, seek feedback concerning patient’s response to treatment by periodically asking questions, such as1. How are you feeling? 2. Is it tender here? 3. Is this pressure OK?
© 2008 LWW
Massage Postapplication & MaintenanceMassage Postapplication & Maintenance
A. Clean up massage lubricant.B. Make appointment for next treatment.C. Instruct patient concerning activity level
and self-treatment before next formal treatment.
D. Record treatment and any special responses to the treatment.
E. Keep hands free of calluses.
© 2008 LWW
Therapeutic Massage ResourcesTherapeutic Massage Resources• The Trigger Point Therapy Workbook, 2nd
ed. (2004) by Davies and Davies. MSRP $19.95; find it on Amazon.
• www.activereleasetechnique.com• Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction, 2nd ed.
(1999) by Simons, Travell, & Simons. 2 volumes.
• Note: Therapeutic massage isn’t synonymous with manual therapy (ex: joint mobilizations and manipulations)