THEORY OF CARING

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Breakdown of Presentation:

Theorist Overview- Janna Keller (slides 3-10)

(Concepts, assumptions and background of theory)

The Meta paradigms (Concepts from the theory of person, health, environment and nursing)- Aubrey McElroy (slides 11-15)

A description of how the assigned theory can be used in wellness and il lness care -Megan Sowersby (slides 16-19)

Strengths and weakness of the Theory, Title page and Introduction –Caitlin Entz (slides 20-25)

Implications to Nursing (Including areas where the theory has been used and using the theory in your own practice) –Cara McMahon (slides 26-34)

INTRODUCTION

Concepts,

Assumptions,

And the

History of the

Theory

THEORIST OVERVIEW

Theory gives definition to caring:

“Caring is a nurturing way of relating to a valued other toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility” (Swanson, 1991)

WHAT IS CARING

Five Caring Processes:1. Knowing: Avoid assumptions

2. Being With: Being there, conveying ability, sharing feelings

3. Doing For: Comforting, anticipating, performing skillfully, protecting, preserving dignity

4. Enabling: Informing, supporting, focusing, generating alternatives, validating

5. Maintaining Belief: believing and holding on

BACKGROUND

Caring is effectively demonstrated and

practiced interpersonally.

Caring consists of 10 Carative factors

Effective caring promotes health and growth.

Caring accepts people now and in the future.

A caring environment offers potential for

development.

Caring is more “ healthogenic” than is curing.

The practice of caring is central to nursing.

THE 7 ASSUMPTIONS

CARATIVE FACTORS

Foundation of a humanistic-altruistic system of

values

Caring-consciousness

Instillation of Faith and Hope

Being authentically present

Enabling/sustaining a belief system

Cultivation of sensitivity to yourself and others

Developing person spiritual practices

CARATIVE FACTORS CONT.

Developing a helping/ trusting relationship

Sustain the relationship throughout the nursing process

Promotion and Acceptance of Expression

Both positive and negative feelings

Systematic use of Scientific Problem solving

method

Make decision making a group think project

Encourage deductive reasoning (Schmidt, 2012)

CARATIVE FACTORS CONT.

Promotion of Interpersonal teaching/ learning

Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience

Promoting a healing/nurturing environment

Creating a healing environment at all levels

Assistance with the Gratification of human needs

Assisting with basic human needs

Allowance of existential-phenomenological forces

Constantly developing and Changing

“…fluid, dynamic, and undergoing constant change…” (Watson,

2012)

HISTORY

The concepts from the theory of person, health, environment

and nursing: the meta paradigm concepts

A description of how the assigned theory can be used in

wellness and il lness care

Strengths/weaknesses of nursing theory

NURSING THEORY METAPARADIGMS

http://nursingtheories.info/metaparadigm-in-nursing/

FOUR METAPARIDIGMS OF NURSING

THEORY

Aubrey McElroy

“The metaparadigm is the most abstract

set of central concepts for the discipline

of nursing and these concepts are

defined within each of the conceptual

models according to the philosophy of

that model” (Alligood, 2010, p. 48).

THE METAPARIDIMSARE…

PERSON :

THE RECIPIENT OF NURSING

CARE.

ENVIRONMENT :

THE EXTERNAL AND

INTERNAL ASPECTS OF LIFE

HEALTH:

THE HOLISTIC LEVEL OF

WELLNESS THAT THE PERSON

EXPERIENCES.

NURSING:

THE INTERVENTIONS OF

THE NURSE RENDERING

CARE.

Megan

Sowersby,

RN

USE OF CARING THEORY

IN WELLNESS/ILLNESS

Healing the whole patient, physically and

spiritually Caring Theory allows for nurses to connect with patients on

many different levels (Swanson, 2004)

Caring is more than skin deep (Mathes,2011)

Caregivers and patients working together to heal patients

(Mathes, 2011)

Make patient comfortable within their space (Alligood, 2010)

CREATING A HEALING ENVIRONMENT

Caring makes nurses better

Personal outcomes of caring include feeling

important, accomplished, purposeful, aware,

integrated, whole, and confirmed (Swanson,

2004).”

BENEFITS FOR NURSES

Healing by curing

Current ideas

Leads to feelings of powerlessness

Healing by caring

Healing the “whole” person

CARING OR CURING

(Koopman, 2006)

Theory of caring “places the client in the context of the family, the community and the culture” (Current Nursing, 2012).

Places the patient as the focus of practice

Doesn’t put technology as focus (Current Nursing, 2012).

Builds a trusting relationship with patient (Alligood, 2010).

Caring is a priority in nursing(as cited in Alligood, 2010, p. 118).

Human caring promotes “health, healing and transcendence” (Alligood, 2010, p. 120).

STRENGTHS OF THE THEORY

STRENGTHS TO THE

THEORY

• Encourages the nurse to maintain patient wholeness

• “Potentiate healing” (Alligood, 2010, p. 121)

• “Preserves dignity” (Alligood, 2010, p. 121).

• Helps achieve positive client outcomes (Alligood,

2010, p. 121-122).

• Caring and attention promote a positive environment

• Environment affects the client’s outcome

(Alligood, 2010).

As according to Current Nursing (2012):

• “Logical in Nature”

• Rational and fairly simple

• “Generalizable”

• May be used as a guide to improve nursing practice

Multicultural study using the theory of caring:

• Patients were more open to share feelings

• Patients met higher levels from Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Suliman, Welmann, Omer & Thomas, 2009).

STRENGTHS CONTINUED

“Biophysical needs” of the patient not as high of a priority

(Current Nursing, 2012).

The 10 carative factors mainly consist of the patient’s

psychosocial needs (Current Nursing, 2012).

Further research is needed to use this theory in practice

(Current Nursing, 2012).

Environmental Challenges (Alligood, 2010, p. 124):

“Diminishing workforce”

Acutely il l patients with complex needs

Economic dif ficulties and influences

“Organization, social, and health care policies”

LIMITATIONS OF THE THEORY

Limitations of the Theory

1. Different patient perceptive of what is

important

2. Communication Barrier

3. Lack of knowledge or understanding

patient’s needs

4. Cultures show or verbalize feelings

differently

(Suliman et al.,

2009)

Compassion satisfaction and social interaction can have a

negative effect

Compassion fatigue and burnout may indirectly ef fect nurse

caring

Further studies needed to correlate between compassion fatigue and

caring

Few researchers have looked at factors that contribute to

nurse caring

A nurse’s job satisfaction can affect nurse caring

Less job incentives will negatively impact nurse caring

LIMITATIONS OF THE THEORY

(Burtson & Stichler, 2010)

• Describe the clinical practice areas the

theory has been used

• Clearly describe how you would use the

theory in your own clinical practice, give

specific examples.

IMPLICATIONS TO

NURSING

According to Alligood , “caring calls fourth from the practioner

an authentic presence of being in the caring

moment.”(2010,p.111)

Being in the caring moment includes:

1. Holism

2. Empathy

3. Communication

4. Clinical Competence

5. Technical Proficiency

6. Interpersonal Skills

-

THINGS TO CONSIDER PRIOR TO

IMPLICATIONS

1.To cherish

2.Appreciate

3.Give Special

Attention

-The 3 Caritas are also

known as the,

“complementary aspects

of

nursing.”(Alligood,2010,

p.112)

-The Caritas, “potentiate

attentiveness, listening,

comforting, and

patience.”(Alligood,p.20

10,p.112)

THE 3 CARITA’S ACCORDING TO WATSON

1.WHO IS THIS PERSON

2.HOW AM I BEING CALLED

TO CARE?

3.HOW CAN I ENTER IN THIS

PERSON’S PRIVATE SPACE?

4.CAN I IMAGINE WHAT

THIS EXPERIENCE IS LIKE?

THEORY TO

ONE’S

PRACTICE IT IS

IMPORTANT TO

ASK ONE’S

SELF A FEW

QUESTIONS

IN ORDER

TO

PROVIDE

THE

CARING

This Theory is very unique

because it can and should

be used in any field of

nursing.

Alligood mentions the

Theory of Caring used on an

Oncology Floor and a

HomeHealth setting for

Midwifery.

IN A CLINICAL

SETTING

WHERE THE

THEORY OF

CARING

CAN BE

USED

There was a study done in

2008 in Saudia Arabia on 3

different medical surgical

floors using the Theory of

Caring.

Those involved in the study

invited nurses from different

cultural backgrounds. (i.e.

Africa and the USA)

There were a total of 392

patients who were surveyed.

OTHER THAN

EXAMPLES IN

THE BOOK?

WHERE IS

THE

THEORY

BEING

USED

-97.2% of the patients reported an increased satisfaction with

the Theory of Caring. (Suliman et al., 2009,p.295)

-The most important aspect of the Theory of Caring reported by

96.7% of the patients was humanism, faith , hope, and

sensitivity.

-95.7% voted that they felt the components such as support,

protection, and correction was important.

-95.4% voted that the Caring Theory being used met their

human needs.

RESULTS FROM THE STUDY

1.Giving pain medication when needed.

2.Being respectful.

3.Punctuality of treatment and medications.

4. Offering things such as back rubs and repositioning.

5.Cleaniliness

6.Having a cheerful attitude

7.Remaining calm and positive

8.Being kind.

9.Showing consideration.

10.Listening to the patients when they needed to talk.

BY PATIENTS IN

THE STUDY

REPORTED

10 OF THE

MOST

CARING

BEHAVIORS

FOUND

1. Take the time to

be in the moment.

2.Think about why

you are there.

3.Focus on the

patient’s priorities.

4.Use open ended

questions.

5.Ask about the

patients

environment.

6.Listen.

HOW TO USE THE THEORY OF CARING IN

EVERYDAY PRACTICE

THIS PLATFORM HAS BEEN STARTED BY PARVEEN

KUMAR CHADHA WITH THE VISION THAT NOBODY

SHOULD SUFFER THE WAY HE HAS SUFFERED BECAUSE

OF LACK AND IMPROPER HEALTHCARE FACILITIES IN

INDIA. WE NEED LOTS OF FUNDS MANPOWER ETC. TO

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