The interconnections between human, animal and environmental healthDr. Baljit Singh, DeanDr. Susan Catherine Cork, Professor and Department Head, Ecosystem & Public HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineMarch 23, 2017

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Dr. Baljit Singh

BVSc and MVSc (Punjab Agricultural University), PhD (Guelph); Post-doctoral training at Texas A&M University and Columbia University

Professor and Associate Dean, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan

Professor and Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary

Current interests: Veterinary medical and graduate education/curriculum; Research in mechanisms of pulmonary diseases

Fellow, American Association of Anatomists; 3M National Teaching Fellow; Qualified Veterinarian in Canada and USA

Dr. Susan Catherine Cork

BVSc, PhD in Veterinary Science, Massey University, New Zealand

Veterinary Diagnostic Service Development, Royal Government of Bhutan

Senior policy and leadership roles in Government in the UK, New Zealand

Postgraduate diploma in Public Policy Current interests in emerging infectious diseases

(human-environment -wildlife interface), veterinary public health & public policy

Member of the Royal Society of Biology, and the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (London) and the Canadian and Alberta Veterinary Medical Associations

Infectious diseases, humans and livestock

SARS epidemic 2009

E. coli 2009

Whooping Cough 2012 PEDV 2014 Ebola 2014

Listeria breakout 2008

Economic impact of infectious pathogens

Infectious disease threats in Canada

Emergence and expansion of infectious diseases in the Arctic

Muskox health and safe game food

Impact of rat-associated zoonoses in urban communities

>12% Canadians face food insecurity

Food and water safety

Anti-microbial resistance

Challenges of current models

Canada invested billions in labs and researchers

Researchers work in silosStudents are not trained in team work

Universities, government and industry don’t work togetherLess focus on rural and remote communities

Socio-economic losses continue to mount

Universities need “collaboratories” and a “a new social contract”

One Health and team science

One Health is a framework to develop research and community

engagement programs to solve complex problems at the interface of

animals, humans and the environment, and to educate the next

generation of leaders in interdisciplinary problem solving and policy

development

One Health: Diclofenac-vultures-dogs-rabies

Environmental disasters requiring One Health solutions

Matilde Tomaselli, PhD candidate (EPH)

Scientific knowledge

Indigenous knowledge

Individual interviews

Group interviews

Participatory activitiesField disease investigation

Hunter-based sampling

Archived data

Muskox health participatory surveillance

Areas of concern in Canada

• Disease outbreaks and pandemics

• Vaccine-preventable diseases

• Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria

• Healthcare-associated infections

• Sexually transmitted infections

• Food- and water-borne illnesses

• Tuberculosis

Dr. David Butler-Jones, Chief Public Health Officer in Canada in “Report on the State of Public Health in Canada, 2013”

Department activities

Who we are and what we do ‘………From molecules, microbes and ecosystems to public policy…………..’Department Website http://vet.ucalgary.ca/eph/ Research Themes & Trainees Policy & Knowledge Translation Infectious Disease Environmental Complexity Agricultural Sustainability

Emerging & re-emerging zoonoses (World Health Organization)

Nipah Virus

Hendra virus

Multidrug resistant bacteria

Lyme Borreliosis

West Nile

H1N1

Reston virus

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

E.coli O157

E.coli O104

Lassa fever

Yellow feverEbola

Monkeypox

Influenza A(H5N1))

Rift valley Fever

MERS-CoV

Ross River virusEquine

morbillivirus

Nv-CJDE.coli non-O157

West Nile Virus

Reston Virus

Brucellosis

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Leptospirosis

Vector-borne diseases – ecological context

What are vector-borne diseases? Arthropod vectors – life cycles

• Arachnids (ticks, mites)• Insects (fleas, lice, flies, mosquitoes etc.)

Host-Pathogen-Environment• Dis-ease = an imbalance• Host - pathogen dynamics and vector ecology • Geographical and climatic influence (favored habitats)• Vector competence• Host susceptibility• Disease modeling and risk assessment

Non arthropod vector-borne disease

Case studies :Arthropod vector-borne diseases

Lyme Disease• Zoonotic (can impact human health,

canine health, cycles in ticks & other wildlife)

West Nile Virus• Zoonotic (impacts equine health/

some bird species/human health risk, cycles in wild birds-mosquitoes)

Epizootic haemorrhagic disease• Not zoonotic

What is Lyme Disease ?

Tick life cycle

Risk factors

Density of ticks – how is this determined?

Density of deer hosts for adult ticks

Feeding habits of ticks (host preferences?)

Preferred habitats for life cycle stages - Geographic location/changing micro-climate…

Nymph stage more likely to transmit Lyme disease

Tick surveillance

Tools and resources for sampling

Photo: Dr Kathryn Berger

Ticks and Lyme Disease distribution – Canada

Vector borne diseases

Lyme disease and bird movements

Ticks and Lyme Disease distribution

Lyme Disease in Alberta

Emerging concerns in Western Canada ? health.alberta.ca/health-info/lyme-disease

Submit a tick program health.alberta.ca/documents/Tick-Submit-a-tick-Program-Handout

Disease reporting in animals and humans

Mosquito-borne diseases – West Nile Virus

1999

West Nile Virus – Epidemiology1999 – 2008, North America

2001

2003 2008

www.cdc.com

Disease prevention and control

Integrated pest management & disease ecology Mosquito surveillance & screening Active and passive surveillance (mosquitoes, birds,

horses, humans)

Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease(EHD)

Conservation and Wildlife Agricultural impacts Tourism impacts Not zoonotic Potential effects of climate change Interdisciplinary team Importance of entomological data Disease models (pros and cons)

Adult

4 larval stages

30

Disease models/climate change

Modelling the Northward Expansion of Culicoides sonorensis under Future Climate Scenarios

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130294

Pathogen- Orbivirus Vector- Culicoides sonorensis Disease-Epizootic haemorrhagic disease

SDM current distribution C. sonorensis

Sept EHD 2013 outbreak

Deer die offs, 2012Sept EHD 2013 outbreak

Outbreaks overlaid onto current distribution map for C. sonorensis developed by A. Zuliani (2013)32

Results: RCP 8.5 – extreme scenario

Cs occurrence >60%

2010

2030s

2050s

One Health & vector-borne diseases

Acknowledgments• Dr Alessandro Massolo/Dr

Kathryn Berger/Anna Zuliani (EHD)

• Dr Tim Lysyk/Dr Greg Johnson/Dr Sean Marshall/Dr Alessandro Massolo/Anna Zuliani (Culicoides sp & climate models)

• Dr Kathryn Berger (Lyme Disease)

Complex dynamics in a changing World

Summary/takeaways

One Health is an interdisciplinary approach to solving complex problems which impact humans, animals and the environment

Emerging and re-emerging diseases continue to challenge human and animal health

Vector and disease distribution can change as a result of human activities and environmental/climatic factors

Summary/takeaways

Disease risks depend on many factors including the presence of suitable hosts and vectors and environmental conditions in which disease transmission can occur

Public health authorities provide current information on disease concerns (and what you should be concerned about) in your region

Thank you

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