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Switching HIV Regimens – When, Why, and to What Pedro Cahn, MD Frank Palella, MD Graeme Moyle, MD Calvin Cohen, MD

Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

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As new antiretroviral drugs come on the market, one question that clinicians need to face is when and if they should switch their patients to new cART regimens. In this panel, moderated by Dr. Pedro Cahn, Drs. Frank Pallela, Graeme Moyle, & Calvin Cohen discuss many of the issues around regimen switching. Topics covered include; which patients should be switched, how to make decisions about initiating a new drug regimen, and the timing of a regimen switch. They also discuss how switching can affect drug adherence, and the importance of educating patients about the pros and cons of any new therapy.

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Page 1: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Switching  HIV  Regimens  –  When,  Why,  and  to  What  

Pedro  Cahn,  MD  Frank  Palella,  MD    Graeme  Moyle,  MD  Calvin  Cohen,  MD  

Page 2: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Reasons  to  Switch  

•  Virologic  failure  

•  There  is  a  beFer  treatment  with:  – Fewer  current  side  effects  – Less  poten1al  for  future  side  effects  

Page 3: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Is  the  Regimen  Broken?  

•  EvaluaKng  problems  with  cART  – Are  you  re-­‐assessing  side  effects?  – Looking  for  new  side  effects?  

•  Is  a  new  regimen  available?  

The  decision  to  prescribe  should  be  an  acKve  one.    Ask  yourself  “Is  this  the  regimen  I  would  offer  to  a    new  pa4ent  just  walking  into  my  office  today?”  

Page 4: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Switching  Strategies  

STRATEGY   RESULT  

Switching  virally  suppressed  paKents  

from  Efavirenz  (EFV)  to  a  single-­‐tablet  

regimen  containing  Rilpivirine  (RIL)  

•  Safe  

•  Reduces  toxicity  

NEW  FROM  AIDS  2012  Switching  suppressed  paKents  from  

boosted  PI  regimen  to  same  single-­‐tablet  

regimen:  

•  Preserves  viral  suppression  

•  Avoids  hyperlipidemia  

Switching  to  a  regimen  without  a  dual  

nucleoside  

•  Less  data  on  safety  and  efficacy  

•  May  not  be  recommended  

Page 5: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Switching  with  Confidence  •  When  a  person  has  been  suppressed  <  50  copies/ml  

– Li;le  replica1on  and  muta1on  – Drugs  effec1ve  before  suppression  are  s1ll  suppressive  a@er  

– If  every  drug  was  ac1ve  when  you  started,  than  every  drug  remains  ac1ve  

     BUT  – If  they  were  already  somewhat  resistant,  and  you  switch  to  a  regimen  that  requires  full  ac1vity,  you  won’t  have  an  ongoing  suppressive  regimen  

Page 6: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Who  to  Switch  

•  PaKent  selecKon  is  criKcal  •  Criteria  to  consider:  

– Never  failed  therapy  – No  exposure  to  mono-­‐therapy  or  dual-­‐  therapy  

– No  history  of  transmi;ed  resistance  

•  Availability  of  historical  genotypes  is  important  in  

determining  a  switching  strategy  

Page 7: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Switching  Trade-­‐offs  •  PaKents  may  be  doing  well  on  their  current  regimen  •  Not  all  switching  problems  are  related  to  side-­‐effects  •  Regimens  need  to  be  simple  for  paKents  to  follow  •  Inform  paKents  about:  

– Poten1al  side  effects  – Changes  in  dosing  schedule  – Other  requirements  for  the  new  regimen  

Ask  the  paKent  –  “Does  this  make  sense  for  you?”  And  remind  them  that,  without  a  virologic  failure,  they  can  always  go  back  if  the  switch  doesn’t  work  out    

Page 8: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Does  Switching  =  SimplificaKon?  

•  SimplificaKon  is  a  subset  – Fewer  pills  – Less  o@en    – How  medica1on  needs  to  be  taken  

• By  mouth  • With  food,  or  certain  types  of  food  

•  Ensure  paKents  understand  simplificaKon  – Need  to  be  clear  on  pill  numbers/dosing  1me  

Page 9: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Even  a  SimplificaKon  ConsKtutes  a  Change  

•  Re-­‐educaKon,  re-­‐assessment,  and  re-­‐evaluaKon  is  necessary  – Is  it  making  a  pa1ent’s  life  simpler?  

– Is  it  reducing  toxicity?  – Is  it  resul1ng  in  fewer  doses  or  fewer  pills?  – Is  it  something  the  pa1ent  will  be  happier  with?  

Page 10: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

The  SWATCH  Study  

•  Randomized,  open-­‐label,  pilot  trial  

•  PaKents  randomized  to  either  alternate  triple-­‐drug  regimens  every  three  months  or  stay  on  one  regimen    

•  At  48  weeks,  the  virologic  failure  rates  were:  – 4.8/1,000  person  weeks  in  the  two  standard  treatment  groups  

– 1.2/1000  weeks  in  the  switching  group  

Source:  Mar1nez-­‐Picado  J  et  al.  Ann  Intern  Med.  2003;139:81  

Page 11: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

PotenKal  Benefits  of  Change  

•  Encourages  paKent  educaKon  •  Reinforces  adherence  •  Facilitates  conversaKons  between  healthcare  providers  and  paKents  

Page 12: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Error  ReducKon  •  The  more  pills,  and  more  detailed  the  medicaKon  

schedule,  the  easier  it  is  to  make  mistakes  

•  It  is  harder  to  make  dosing  errors  if  paKents  only  need  to  take  a  single  pill,  once  or  twice  a  day    

•  When  paKents  are  taking  mulKple  pills  they  may  

– Forget  pills  – Accidentally  double-­‐up  the  wrong  pills  – Think  that  they  can  fill  one  prescrip1on  and  not  another,  when  finances  are  difficult  

Page 13: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

SWITCH-­‐ER  Study  •  Randomized,  double-­‐blind,  crossover  study  in  paKents  

controlled  by  EFV  – Raltegravir(RAL)  twice  a  day  with  Efavirenz  (EFV)  placebo  – EFV  once  a  day  with  RAL  placebo  – Switch  a@er  two  weeks  to  alternate  regimen  

•  Outcome  – Half  preferred  twice  daily  RAL,  even  though  it  meant  switching  from  a  one  pill,  once  a  day  regimen,  they  had  previously  tolerated  well  

– RAL  significantly  improved  lipid  levels,  stress,  &  anxiety  

Source:  Nguyen,  A.  et  al.  AIDS.  25(12):1481-­‐7  

Page 14: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

It’s  Not  Always  About  Less  Pills  

•  SimplificaKon  can  be:  – Gehng  rid  of  a  side  effect  

– Gehng  rid  of  an  an1cipated  side  effect  

Page 15: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Monitoring  a  Switch  

•  Viral  load  checks  – Standard  schedule  is  fine,  if  the  regimen  is  just  a  pill  simplifica1on  (same  drugs,  combina1on  pill)  

– Should  be  checked  at  week  4  with  a  regimen  switch  • Double  check  adherence  • Make  certain  that  pa1ents  are  properly  following  guidelines  for  taking  the  pill  

Page 16: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

ConsideraKons  with  a  Regimen  Change  

•  Increased  monitoring  – Biologic  factors  – Pa1ent  compliance  

•  Need  for  paKent  educaKon  – Dosing  1me  – Restric1ons  among  meals  

Monitoring  afer  a  switch  is  a  good  way  to  make  certain  that  paKents  understand  instrucKons  correctly    

Page 17: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

One  Month  Check  •  Check  at  week  4  to  assess  

– Virologic  failure  – Hepatotoxicity  – Nephrotoxicity  (some  cases)  – Adherence  

•  Then  return  to  a  standard  follow-­‐up  schedule  

Harm  is  rare  when  switching  regimens,  but  it’s  beFer  to  make  certain    

Page 18: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

CD4  Count  –  A  Reason  to  Switch?  •  Suppressed  paKents  who  don’t  have  CD4  improvements  – May  not  be  a  problem  – May  have  wide  range  of  “normal”  CD4  levels*  (350-­‐1500  cells/ml)  

•  CD4  increase  does  not  necessarily  predict  clinical  outcomes  

•  Where  are  paKents’  CD4  levels  stuck?  – A  very  low  count  might  be  a  reason  to  switch  – With  moderate  levels,  one  can  wait  and  see  

* Levels are not well assessed in HIV negative populations

Page 19: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Historical  Note  

Zidovudine  (AZT)  and  tenofovir/dideoxyinosine  (TDF/DDI)  regimens  did  impair  immunological  reconsKtuKon  

This  is  not  known  to  be  a  concern  with  “modern”  cART  regimens    

With  respect  to  immune  reconsKtuKon,  current  differences  between  medicaKons  are  subtle,  and  probably  not  clinical  important    

Page 20: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

What  affects  CD4  Rise?  

•  GeneKc  environment  

•  Ongoing  immune  acKvaKon  

•  Trials  have  varying  results  •  Does  it  really  maFer?    

CD4  count  may  not  actually  significantly  impact  clinical  outcomes  

Page 21: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Switching  and  Aging  •  Increases  in  certain  health  risks  are  widely  associated  with  age  – Cardiovascular  disease  – Renal  disease  

•  Should  consider  these  factors  when  looking  at  side  effect  profiles  of  cART  drugs  

•  Greater  potenKal  for  drug-­‐drug  interacKons  – Older  people  take  larger  numbers  of  non-­‐HIV  medica1ons  

Page 22: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

When  is  it  Safe  to  Switch?  

•  If  the  regimen  you  are  switching  to  would  have  worked  before  the  paKent  was  suppressed,  it  should  work  now    

•  Switching  interval  varies  by  circumstance:  – Early  toxicity  =  early  switch  – Late  toxicity  =  late  switch  

•  Switching  to  modernize  therapy  – A@er  at  least  6  months  on  previous  therapy  – With  two  consecu1ve  undetectable  viral  loads  

Page 23: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

What  about  people  with  long-­‐term  success  on  other  regimens?  

•  There  is  some  data  which  suggests  switching  may  add  security  in  maintaining  a  long-­‐term  undetectable  viral  load  

– Par1cularly  when  switching  to  a  regimen  that  would  not  be  appropriate  for  the  treatment  naïve  pa1ent  

– Such  regimens  may  work  very  well  in  those  who  have  

already  been  suppressed  in  the  long  term  

Page 24: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Oh,  Brave  New  World…  

•  Treatments  are:  – Increasingly  effec1ve  – Increasingly  safe  – Increasingly  convenient  

•  Many  good  opKons  

•  MulKple  single-­‐tablet,  fixed  dose  combinaKons  

– Poten1al  financial  advantage,  as  well  as  convenience  

Page 25: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

Use  The  Guidelines  

•  Regimens  recommended  in  IAS/DHHS  Guidelines  

– Are  strongly  supported  by  clinical  trials  – Are  considered  to  be  the  best  in  terms  of  safety,  efficacy,  and  tolerability  

If  paKents  aren’t  on  these  regimens  –  ask  yourself  why  not?    

Page 26: Switching HIV Regimens: When, Why, and to What - Panel Discussion

DON’T  JUST  MAKE  SURE  PATIENTS  ARE  ON  THE  

SAME  REGIMEN  

MAKE  CERTAIN  THEY  ARE  ON  THE  REGIMEN  BEST  SUITED  FOR  THEM