- 1. ADELINE OLANIRAN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
2. What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
- A serious condition in which red blood cells can become
sickle-shaped
- Normal red blood cells are smooth and round. They move easily
through blood vessels to carry oxygen to all parts of the
body.
- Sickle-shaped cells dont move easily through blood. Theyre
stiff and sticky and tend to form clumps and get stuck in blood
vessels.
- The clumps of sickle cell block blood flow in the blood vessels
that lead to the limbs and organs. Blocked blood vessel can cause
pain, serious infection, and organ damage.
3. Normal and Sickled Red Blood Cellsin Blood Vessels Figure A
shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel. The
inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with
normal hemoglobin.Figure B shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells
clumping and blocking the blood flow in a blood vessel. The inset
image shows a cross-section of a sickled red blood cell with
abnormal strands of hemoglobin. Source from
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Sca/SCA_WhatIs.html 4.
Sickle Cell Anemia vs. Sickle Cell Trait
- People who have sickle cell anemia are born with it; means
inherited, lifelong condition.
- They inherit two copies of sickle cell gene, one from each
parent.
- Sickle cell trait is different from sickle cell anemia. People
with sickle cell trait dont have the condition, but they have one
of the genes that cause the condition.
- People with sickle cell anemia and sickle cell trait can pass
the gene on when they have children.
5. Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia
- Ifone parent has sickle cell trait (HbAS) and the other does
not carry the sickle hemoglobin at all (HbAA)then none of the
children will have sickle cell anemia.
- There is aone in two(50%) chance that any given child will get
one copy of the HbAS gene and therefore have the sickle cell
trait.
- It is equally likely that any given child will get two HbAA
genes and be completely unaffected.
Source from
http://www.sicklecellsociety.org/education/inherit.htm#anchor298279
6. Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia
- Ifboth parents have sickle cell trait (HbAS)there is aone in
four(25%) chance that any given child could be born with sickle
cell anemia.
- There is also aone in fourchance that any given child could be
completely unaffected.
- There is aone in two(50%) chance that any given child will get
the sickle cell trait.
Source from
http://www.sicklecellsociety.org/education/inherit.htm#anchor298279
7. Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia
- Ifone parent has sickle cell trait (HbAS) and the other has
sickle cell anaemia (HbSS)there is aone in two(50%) chance that any
given child will get sickle cell trait and aone in two(50%) chance
that any given child will get sickle cell anemia.
- No children will be completely unaffected.
Source from
http://www.sicklecellsociety.org/education/inherit.htm#anchor298279
8. Inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia
- Ifone parent has sickle cell anaemia (HbSS) and the other is
completely unaffected (HbAA)then all the children will have sickle
cell trait.
- None will have sickle cell anemia.
- The parent who has sickle cell anemia (HbSS) can only pass the
sickle hemoglobin gene to each of their children.
Source from
http://www.sicklecellsociety.org/education/inherit.htm#anchor298279
9. Why Anemia?
- Anemiais a condition in which a persons blood has a lower than
normal number of red blood cells, or the red blood cells dont have
enough hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives
blood its red color and carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest
of the body.
- Normal red blood cells last about 120 days in the bloodstream
and then die. Their main role is to carry oxygen, but they also
remove carbon dioxide (a waste product) from cells and carry it to
the lungs to be exhaled.
- In sickle cell anemia, a lower-than-normal number of red blood
cells occurs because sickle cells dont last very long. Sickle cells
die faster than normal red blood cells, usually after only about 10
to 20 days. The bone marrow cant make new red blood cells fast
enough to replace the dying ones. The result is anemia.
10. Who Is At Risk? The disease originated in at least 4 places
in Africa, Mediterranean countries (such as Turkey, Greece, and
Italy), and in the Indian/Saudi Arabian subcontinent. It exists in
all countries of Africa and in areas where Africans have migrated.
It is most common in West and Central Africa where as many as 25%
of the people have sickle cell trait and 1-2% of all babies are
born with a form of the disease.In the United States with an
estimated population of over 270 million, about 1,000 babies are
born with sickle cell disease each year.In contrast, Nigeria, with
an estimated 1997 population of 90 million, 45,000-90,000 babies
with sickle cell disease are born each year. 11. Who Is At
Risk?
- Most common in people whose families come from Africa, South or
Central America (especially Panama), Caribbean islands,
Mediterranean countries (such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy), India,
and Saudi Arabia.
12. Who is at Risk?
- United States, sickle cell anemia affects about 70,000
people.
- Mainly affects African Americans, with the condition occurring
in about 1 in every 500 African American births.
- Hispanic Americans also are affected; the condition occurs in 1
out of every 1,000 to 1,400 Hispanic American births.
- About 2 million Americans have sickle cell trait. About 1 in 12
African Americans has sickle cell trait.
13. Signs and Symptoms
- Individual signs and symptoms varies. Some have mild symptoms,
others have very severe symptoms and may be hospitalized for
treatment
- Present at birth, many infants doesnt show signs until after 4
months of age
- Anemia:Fatigue (tiredness), pale skin and nail beds, jaundice,
and shortness of breath
- Pain (Sickle Cell Crisis):Sudden episode of pain throughout the
body. Common sites: bones, lungs, abdomen, and joints. Lack of
blood flow can cause pain and organ damage.
14. Complication of Sickle Cell Anemia
- Delayed growth and puberty in children
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (High blood pressure)
15. Diagnosis
- Early diagnosis is very important for proper treatment
- USA: 44 States, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico & U.S.
Virgin Islands now test ALL newborn for sickle cell anemia.Other 6
States test done best on request
16. Treatments
- Effective treatments are available to help relieve the symptoms
and complications of sickle cell anemia, but in most cases theresno
cure .
- The goal is to relieve the pain; prevent infections, eye
damage, strokes and control complications if they occur.
- Pain medicine: acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), and narcotics such as meperidine, morphine,
oxycodone, and etc.
17. New Treatments and Medicines
-
- Butyric acid.This is a food additive that may increase normal
hemoglobin in the blood .
-
- Clotrimazole.This is used now to treat fungus infections. This
medicine helps prevent the loss of water from a red blood cell and
can keep the cell from turning into a sickle cell.
-
- Nitric oxide.This may make sickle cells less sticky and keep
blood vessels open. People with sickle cell anemia have low levels
of nitric acid in their blood.
18. Prevention
- Identify what can trigger the Crisis such as stress, avoid
extremes of heat and cold weather, dont travel airplane that is not
cabin pressurized
- Maintain healthy lifestyle habits
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- Get enough sleep and rest
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- Avoid alcohol and dont smoke
- Regular medical checkups and treatment are important
19.
- http://www.stoppain.org/multimedia/sickle.html
- http://www.webmd.com/video/sickle-cell-miracle
20.