The FACE and the SCALP

By: Dr. Pamela Josefina T. Fabie

I. LAYERS OF THE SCALP

Soft tissue covering the cranial vault

It is hair bearing area of the skull

Extends from supra orbital margin anteriorly to external occipital protuberance & superior nuchal line posteriorly

On each side to superior temporal line

S- Skin

C- connective tissue (superficial fascia)

A- Aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica)

L- Loose areolar tissue

P- Pericranium

The Five Layers of the Scalp

Layers of the Scalp

Layers of the Scalp

Skin A layer of thin skin containing numerous hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands covers the scalp.

Connective tissueA thick, dense, subcutaneous connective tissue is anchored firmly to the skin above and the membranous layer below. Fibrous and dense containing blood vessels and nerves

AponeurosisIs formed by the gales aponeurotica.

Loose Connective TissueAllows freedom of movement of the superficial three layers over the top of the skull

PeriocraniumThe periosteum of the skull. Firmly anchored to the underlying bone.

Layers of the Scalp

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Called dangerous layer of scalp-emissary veins

open here and carry any infections inside the brain (venous sinus)

Bleeding lead to black eye Caput succedaneum in new born

PERICRANIUM Injury deep to it take the shape of bone called

cephalhaematoma

II. REGIONS OF THE FACE

a. EYES

b. NOSE

c. EARS

The Face

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Boundaries:

1. Superior - Hairline2. Inferior- Lower border of the andible

Regions of the Face

1. Forehead2. Temporal3. Orbital4. External

nose 5. Zygomati

c6. Oral 7. Cheeks8. Mental9. External

ear

a. EYES

Eyelids (Palpebrae)- Form a curtain for the ocular globe or the

eyeball.

External features:1. Palpebral fissure - transverse elliptical opening

between the upper and lower eyelid.

2. Palpebral commissure (canthus( - the lateral and medial junctions of the upper and lower eyelids.

3. Superior palpebral margins - covers the superior 1/5 of the iris when the lids are open.

External features:

4. Inferior palpebral margins - cuts across the lower border of the iris when the lids are open.

5. Cilia or eyelashes - project from the palpebral margins intwo or three irregular rows.

6. Plica semilunaris - a cresent fold at the medial angle of the eye that separates the white of the eye from the medial, reddish-colored lacrimal lake.

External features:7. Lacrimal lake - small, raised, triangular are

bordered by the plica semilunaris; a raised, reddish area within the lake is the caruncle.

8. Superior and inferior papillae - are small, raised bumps at the junction of the ciliated hairless margins of the lids; at the apex of which is the lacrimal punctum.

9. Conjuctivum - mucous membrane inner lining of the lid.

b. NOSE

Tip

Ala

Dorsum

Anterior naris

(nostril)

Columna

Root

External Nose:-The framework is composed of the nasal bones, septal cartilage, lateral cartilages, and alar cartilages.

-Skin of the nose is continues beyond the external nares into the vestibule of the nose, with nasal hairs to filter larger particles of dusts in the air.

c. EARS

External Ear- Contains a single elastic cartilage which

provides support to the external ear.

- Skin is tightly bound to the cartilage with no intervening subcutaneous layer.

- Skin and cartilage is thrown into several folds.

III. CAVITIES OF THE FACE

A. ORBITAL CAVITY

B. NASAL CAVITY

a. ORBITAL CAVITY

Bones involved:1. Maxilla2. Zygomatic

Bone3. Sphenoid Bone4. Frontal Bone5. Palatine Bone6. Ethmoid Bone7. Lacrimal Bone.

Roof- orbital plate of the

frontal bone- lesser wings of

sphenoid.

Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity

Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity

Lateral wall- Zygomatic process

of the frontal bone- Orbital plate of the zygomatic

bone- Orbital plate of the greater

wings of sphenoid

Medial wall- Frontal process of

the maxilla- Lacrimal bone- Orbital plate of ethmoid

bone- Body of sphenoid

Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity

Floor- Orbital plate of the maxilla- Orbital plate of the zygomatic bone- Orbital process of

the palatine bone

Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity

Base Superiorly – frontal bone Medially - frontal process

of the maxilla Laterally - frontal

process of the zygomatic bone

Inferiorly - Maxilla medially

- zygomatic bone laterally

Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity

Apex- Formed by the

convergence of the four walls

Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity

b. NASAL CAVITY

Bones involved:1. Nasal Bone2. Frontal Bone3. Ethmoid Bone4. Sphenoid Bone5. Vomer6. Maxilla7. Palatine Bone8. Lacrimal Bone9. Inferior nasal

Concha

Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity

Anterior – pyriform aperture

Posterior - Pharynx through the posterior nares

Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity

Superior Wall:1. Anterior

– nasal bone-nasal process of the frontal bone

2. Middle- cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

3. Posterior- body of the sphenoid

Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity

Median Wall:- Perpendicular plate

of ethmoid- Vomer.

Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity

Inferior Wall:- Palatine

process of the maxilla

- Horizontal plate of palatine bone

Boundaries of the Nasal CavityLateral Wall:

a. Superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid bone

b. Inferior nasal conchae

END