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AERC GDNet Policy Briefs Workshop - December 2013
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AERC Policy Briefs Workshop
SAFARI PARK HOTEL NAIROBI
December 6-8th 2013
TO INCREASE UNDERSTANDING of research to policy processes, and the role of Policy Briefs in this process
TO PRODUCE an outline Policy Brief for each research project, to be finalised after the workshop
TO BUILD CAPACITY AND SKILLS in communicating research to maximise uptake and impact
“Success depends on knowing what works” Bill Gates, (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ($33.5bn 2009)
“In development research, to get a new discovery into policy and practice is just as important as the discovery itself.”
Maureen O’Neil, President and CEO International Development Research Centre
Donor countries spend over US$2bn annually on development research and are increasingly asking the question: “Is this value for money?”
RAPID Programme, 2003
WHY COMMUNICATING RESEARCH MATTERS
• MOBILE PHONES TURNED OFF • KEEP TO TIME • RESPECT EACHOTHERS’
CONTRIBUTIONS • NO EMAILING DURING SESSIONS • ….. • …..
http://gdnetcairo.pbworks.com/w/page/70989203/Agenda%20-%20GDNet%20AERC%20Policy%20Brief%20-%20December%202013#view=page
THE ONGOING MYSTERY OF GETTING RESEARCH INTO USE
THE LINEAR MODEL
Research report on results of clinical trials
Summary research report
sent out to clinicians and
health policymakers
Health policy is changed reflecting
research results
Clinician practice is changed
Fig 1: A linear model of evidence into policy
A SYSTEMS MODEL
Health CSO
Local government
Agriculture CSO
Local traditional authorities
International agricultural
NGO
National think tank
International think tank
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Women’s
Affairs
Ministry of Environment
and Water
WHO
National Agricultural
Research System
International health NGO
Fig 3: a systems model of evidence and policy
Monitoring and Evaluation
Agenda Setting Decision
Making
Policy Implementation
Policy Formulation
POLICY PROCESSES ARE...
Civil Society
Donors Cabinet
Parliament
Ministries
Private Sector
Thanks ODI for this slide
From Cartright and Hardie; ‘Evidence-Based Policy: a Guide to doing it better’, 2012
Political Expediency
Evidence Effectiveness
Resources
Values and Policy Context
Choice of Goals
Side effects
Costs & Benefits
EVIDENCE
Known - simple Cause and effect is known: best practice guidance can be issued. Domain of yes / no answers to questions
Do you think the policy outcome is...
...d
o y
ou
th
ink
the
kno
wle
dg
e is
... contested established
con
test
ed
esta
blis
hed
Issues are ‘knowable’ and can be researched: cause and effect can be established. Domain of expert knowledge, questions can be answered with the right information.
Knowable - researchable
Chaotic Issues are chaotic – new evidence causes confusion rather than clarifies. No cause and effect can be seen.
Cause and effect can only be seen in retrospect and do not repeat. Nobody is ‘the expert’: we’re not even sure we have the right question, never mind the answer. Complex, emergent
Structuring policy issues
Multiple interpretations
Clearly adapted from the Cynefin knowledge management framework. See Shaxson, L (2009) Structuring policy problems for plastics, the environment and human health: reflections from the UK. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364, 2141-2151. doi: 10.1098/rstb. 2008.0283
Discursive changes
Procedural changes
Content changes
Attitudinal changes
Behavioural changes
1. Discursive changes: These refer to changes in the labels or narratives of policy actors. They reflect a new or improved understanding of a subject -- even if it does not imply an effective change of policy or practice.
2. Procedural changes: changes in the way certain processes are undertaken e.g. the incorporation of consultations to closed processes, or small changes in the way that national policies are implemented in the field.
3. Content changes: changes in the content of policies including strategy papers, legislation and budgets. These are formal changes in the policy framework.
4. Attitudinal changes: changes in the way policy actors think about a given issue. This is important where key stakeholders have high influence but lack interest in a policy area or are not necessarily aligned with the policy objectives of the programme.
5. Behavioural changes: These refer to more durable changes in the way that policy actors behave (act or relate to others) as a consequence of formal and informal changes in discourse, process and content.
OUR CURRENT POLICYMAKING CYCLE…AND WHERE IT DRAWS ON EVIDENCE
From: http://www.ofmdfmni.gov.uk/workbook1.pdf
Horizon scanning
Impact assessments
Risk assessments
Stakeholder analysis
Citizens juries, focus groups, wikis Research
Monitoring & evaluation
Target-setting (incl MCDM)
Codes of conduct
MOUs, formal agreements
Standards, benchmarking
Legislation, regulation,
expenditure
Informal consultation
Formal written
consultation
WHERE DOES YOUR RESEARCH COME IN?
? ?
?
WHERE ARE YOU BEING
HEARD?
?
?
THE ODI RAPID FRAMEWORK
•ENCOURAGES structured questions about the context, actors, prevailing narratives and extent of evidence use
•EMPASISES importance of ‘policy windows’ and building up influence within the policy process
•HIGHLIGHTS all the other factors besides quality of research
PUTTING IT INTO PRACTICE
What researchers need to know What researchers need to do How to do it
Political Context:
Evidence
Links
• Who are the policymakers?
• Is there demand for ideas?
• What is the policy process?
• What is the current theory?
• What are the narratives?
• How divergent is it?
• Who are the stakeholders?
• What networks exist?
• Who are the connectors,
mavens and salesmen?
• Get to know the policymakers.
• Identify friends and foes.
• Prepare for policy
opportunities.
• Look out for policy windows.
• Work with them – seek
commissions
• Strategic opportunism –
prepare for known events
+ resources for others
• Establish credibility
• Provide practical solutions
• Establish legitimacy.
• Present clear options
• Use familiar narratives.
• Build a reputation
• Action-research
• Pilot projects to generate
legitimacy
• Good communication
• Get to know the others
• Work through existing
networks.
• Build coalitions.
• Build new policy networks.
• Build partnerships.
• Identify key networkers,
mavens and salesmen.
• Use informal contacts
• Practitioners are aware of findings from
research
• Practitioners accept the research findings
• Practitioners view the research findings as
locally applicable
• Practitioners view the research findings as
doable within the local context
• Practitioners act on the research findings
• Practitioners adopt the research findings
• Practitioners adhere to the research
findings
BE CLEAR ABOUT WHAT YOU’RE TRYING TO INFLENCE/INFORM
FOR EXAMPLE, INFUENCING PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES…
OR INFORMING PUBLIC POLICIES
• Discursive changes: reflect a new or improved
understanding of a subject
• Procedural changes: changes in the way certain processes are undertaken.
• Content changes: changes in the content of policies including strategy papers, legislation and budgets.
• Attitudinal changes: changes in the way policy actors think about a given issue.
• Behavioural changes: more durable changes in the way that policy actors behave (act or relate to others) as a consequence of formal and informal changes in discourse, process and content.
“But this is the simplified version for the general public….”
• What is simple to the researcher is not always clear to the audience.. • What your audience NEEDS TO KNOW IS AS IMPORTANT as what you want to say to them
START WITH WHAT YOUR AUDIENCE NEEDS TO KNOW….NOT WHAT YOU WANT TO TELL THEM..
RECEPTION
COGNITION
REFERENCE
EFFORT
ADOPTION
IMPLEMENTATION
IMPACT
reception means that research has been received by an individual lands on the desk, but the findings might never be read.
The next stage occurs when research is read and understood.
When research changes way of thinking – provokes a shift in an individual’s“frame of reference”, for example in terms of defining key problems and priorities.
Research has shaped action: some effort has been made to get the findings adopted, even if this is ultimately unsuccessful.
Adoption means that research has had a direct influence on the actual policy
While research may have been used to develop policy, at this stage it has also been translated into practice on the ground. Utilisation of research when the implemented policy is successful in producing tangible benefits to the citizens.
BE PRACTICAL ABOUT WHAT YOU CAN ACHIEVE..