The facts

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Female & Male HormonesFemale Sex HormonesThe ovaries secrete two hormones, oestrogen and

progesteroneMale Sex Hormones Testosterone & determines the primary and

secondary sex characteristics. The male reproductive system is controlled by

hormones from the hypothalamus and from the anterior pituitary gland.

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Female Reproductive System

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Female Reproductive System

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Hormonal control of the female reproductive cycle.The two cycles are the ovarian cycle and

the uterine cycle. The cycles are interrelated and average 28 days.

The ovarian cycle is divided into the follicular phase and the luteal phase.

During the follicular phase the ovarian follicle matures primarily in response to FSH. The follicular phase ends with ovulation and is dominated by oestrogen.

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The uterine cycle is divided into the menstral phase, the proliferative phase and the secretory phase.

Menstral – loss of part of the endometrial lining and blood (menstruation)

Proliferative – endometrial lining thickens and becomes vascular (primarily in response to oestrogen)

Secretory – endometrial lining becomes lush and moist from increased secretory activity (primarily in response to progesterone)

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Structure and Function of the Breast

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Structure and Function of the Breast

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Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations

Polycystic ovarian syndromeLeading cause of infertility in the United StatesOligo-ovulation or anovulationElevated levels of androgens or clinical signs of

hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovariesMultifactorial

Hyperinsulinism, hypertension, dyslipidemiaDysfunction of follicle development

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Infection and InflammationPelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Acute inflammatory disease caused by infection

May involve any organ of the reproductive tract Salpingitis Oophoritis

Sexually transmitted diseases migrate from the vagina to the upper genital tract

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

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Pelvic Relaxation DisordersThe bladder, urethra, and rectum are

supported by the endopelvic fascia and perineal muscles

The muscular and fascial tissue loses tone and strength with aging

Fails to maintain organs in proper position

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Pelvic Relaxation DisordersCystocele and rectoceleUrethroceleCystourethroceleEnteroceleVaginal prolapseUterine prolapse

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Pelvic Relaxation Disorders

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Benign Growths and Proliferative Conditions

EndometriosisPresence of functioning endometrial tissue

or implants outside the uterusResponds to hormone fluctuations of the

menstrual cyclePossible causes

Retrograde menstruation, spread through vascular or lymphatic systems, stimulation of multipotential epithelial cells on reproductive organs or genetic predisposition

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Cervical Cancer

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Benign Growths and Proliferative ConditionsEndometriosis

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Breast CancerReproductive factorsHormonal factorsEnvironmental factors and lifestyle

RadiationDietChemicals (xenoestrogens)

Physical activityFamilial factors and tumor-related genes

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Breast CancerManifestations

Painless lump, dimpling of skin, edemaTreatment

Based on stage of cancerSurgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone

therapy, biologic therapy and bone marrow transplantation

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Aging and the Female Reproductive SystemPerimenopause

Ovarian, uterine, and systemic changes Vasomotor flush

MenopauseBreast tissue, urogenital, skeletal, and

cardiac changes

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Male reproductive system

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Male reproductive system

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TESTES:Located on a pouch like scrotum.Suspended outside the body behind the

penis.This exposed location provides an

environment about 1° cooler than normal core body temperature

This is an important requirement for the normal production and survival of sperm

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Each testes is a small oval gland approx 3.8cm long and 2.5 cm wide.

Shaped like and egg that has been slightly flattened from side to side

Surrounded by a tough whitish membrane called the tunica albuginea

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This membrane covers the testicle and also enters the gland to form the many septa that divide it into sections or lobules.

Each lobule consists of a narrow, long coiled seminiferous tubule.

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These coiled structures form the bulk of the testicular mass

Interstitial cells are the small specialised cells lying near the septa that separate the lobules.

These cells secrete the male sex hormone Testosterone.

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Each seminiferous tubule is a long duct with a central lumen or passageway.

Sperm develop in the walls of the lumen and begin their journey to the exterior of the body.

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SpermatogenesisSperm productionProduced from puberty until deathNumber of sperm produced each day

decreases with ageSperm precursor cells called spermatogonia

are increased prior to puberty, to prepare for sperm production.

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They increase by mitotic cell division.That is, the parent cell divides into 2

daughter cells, each identical to the parent cell and each containing a complete copy of the genetic material represented in the normal number of 46 chromosomes

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When a boy enters Puberty, circulating levels of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) cause the spermatogonium to undergo this unique type of cell division.

Of the 2 daughter cells, one remains as a spermatogonium and the other forms into a more specialised cell called the primary spermatocyte.

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The daughter cells are called spermatids.Unlike the 2 daughter cells that result from

mitosis, the 4 spermatids, which will develop into spermatozoa, only have half the genetic material and half the chromosomes (23) of other body cells.

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SpermatozoaHighly specialised and among the smallest in

the bodyAll the characteristics that a baby will inherit

from it’s father at fertilisation are contained in the condensed nuclear ( genetic) material found in each sperm head.

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The sperm must then travel a very long road to meet and fertilise an ovum

To assist with the travel, sperm are equipped with tails for motility and are designed to penetrate the outer membrane of the ovum when it comes into contact with it.

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The sperm head contains the nucleus with the genetic material from the father.

The nucleus is covered by the acrosome, a specialised structure containing enzymes to assist the sperm to break down the covering of the ovum and allow entry if contact occurs.

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In addition to the head, each sperm has a mid section and an elongated tail.

The mitochondria in the midpiece break down adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to provide energy for the tail movements required for the long swim through the female reproductive tract.

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Production of Testosterone:Other function of the testes.Carried out by the interstitial cells of the

testes.Testosterone: masculinises, promotes and

maintains the development of the male accessory organs ( prostate gland, seminal vesicles etc).

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Testosterone also has a stimulating effect on protein anabolism.

Responsible for the greater strength of the male.

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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Disorders of the penisPhimosis

Inability to retract foreskin from the glans of the penis (distal to proximal)

Paraphimosis Inability to replace or cover the glans with

the foreskin (proximal to distal)Frequently caused by poor hygiene or

chronic infections

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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

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Disorders of the Scrotum, Testis, and EpididymisDisorders of the scrotum

Varicocele Inflammation/dilation of veins in the spermatic cord Caused by inadequate or absent valves in the spermatic

veinsHydrocele

Scrotal swelling caused by collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis

Imbalance between fluid secretion and reabsorptionSpermatocele

Painless diverticulum of the epididymis located between the head of the epididymis and the testis

Contains milky fluid that contains sperm and does not cover the entire anterior scrotal surface04/12/23 FI

Disorders of the Scrotum, Testis, and Epididymis

Disorders of the testisCryptorchidism

Failure of one or more of the testes to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum

Treatment Hormone therapy or surgery (orchiopexy)

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Disorders of the Scrotum, Testis, and Epididymis

Disorders of the testisTorsion of the testis

Rotation of the testis The rotation causes the twisting of the blood vessels in

the spermatic cord Painful and swollen testis Condition may be spontaneous or follow physical

exertion or trauma Surgical emergency

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Disorders of the Prostate GlandBenign prostatic hyperplasia

Enlargement of the prostate glandSymptoms associated with urethral

compressionRelationship to agingEvaluation

Digital rectal exams Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) monitoring PSAD levels

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Disorders of the Prostate Gland

Cancer of the prostateAccounts for 29% of all cancers in malesProstatic cancer is asymptomatic until its

advanced stages

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Disorders of the Prostate Gland

Cancer of the prostateDietary factorsHormonesVasectomyChronic inflammationFamilial factors

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Male Sexual DysfunctionVascular, endocrine, and neurologic

disordersChronic diseases

Renal failure and diabetes mellitusPenile diseases and penile traumaIatrogenic factors

Surgery and pharmaceuticalsTreatment both medical and surgical

Viagra

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Disorders of the Male BreastGynaecomastia

Overdevelopment of the breast tissue in a maleResults from hormone alterations

Idiopathic and system disorders, drugs, or neoplasms

Male breast cancerMost commonly seen after age 60Tumors resemble carcinomas of the breast in

womenCrusting and nipple discharge are common

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Aging and the Male Reproductive SystemThe male’s reproductive capacity is longer than

the female’sThere is not an event comparable to menopause

– Who said!Decreased erectile and ejaculatory functionTestes atrophy, decrease in weight, and soften Decreased levels of testosterone; gonadotropins

increase

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