Principle of Scientific research

Dr.AbdulQawi AlmohamadiQuality Manager

USTH

Outline

Definition of research Proposal Thesis or research Supervisor

Definition of research

Research: a detailed study of a subject in order to discover new information or new fact or reach a new understanding.

Proposal Purpose of proposal: Help you to focus and define your research plans. Research proposal must address the following

questions: What you plan to accomplish? Why you want to do it? How you are going to do it? Where When

Research Proposal contents

1. Title 2. Introduction3. Aims or objectives of the study4. Materials and methods5. Timeline6. Budgets 7. References

Who should write Proposal????

Problem/QuestionFormulate a Hypothesis

Steps of the Scientific Method

1 .Problem/Question :Develop a question or problem that can be

solved through experimentation.

Basic Question in Research

Are exposure and disease/outcome linked?

Exposure( risk factor )

Disease/ Health Outcome

Is there an association between them?

Steps of the Scientific Method2 .Formulate a Hypothesis:

Predict a possible answer to the problem or

question.

Write your hypothesis using:

IF……./Then ………….

Example of Hypothesis

Testable, that you can perform a test (e.g., experiment) to show how the variables

might be related.

- Suggest relationship between specific exposure and health- related event.A high cholesterol intake is associated with the development (risk) of heart disease.

-Suggest cause-effect relationship.…

Cigarette smoking is a cause of lung cancer

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with increased risk of stomach ulcer.

Hypothesis

• First impression to reader. • Avoid long titles )10-12 words(.

Example: Study on the Antimicrobial Activity of

Nigella Extract

Dr.Ebtisam Al-Moayad

How to write proposal

1

• Introduction • Literature review• Aims or objectives of the study

2

• Materials and methods• Ethical considerations )consent forms(• Study design• Study population• Study area• Sample size• Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria• Collection of specimens

Study Design

How to write proposal

3

• Timeline according to research progress or time limitation

4 • Budgets

5•References

How to write research or thesis

What did I do in a study? Abstract )200-300 words(What is the problems? Introduction )past tense(

How did I solve the problems?

Materials and methods

What did I find out? ResultsWhat dose it means? Discussion Who helped me? AcknowledgmentsWhose work did I refer to? References

Extra information Appendices English languages, tense, grammar

How to write research or thesis

1. Dedication2. Acknowledgements3. List of contents4. Abbreviations5. Introduction6. Literature review7. Aims of the study 8. Materials and methods - Ethical considerations )consent forms( - Study design - Study population - Study area - Sample size - Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria - Collection of specimens

How to write research or thesis 9. Results 10. Discussion11. Conclusions points 12. Recommendations points 13. Appendix - Questionnaire - Ingredients of used culture media - Preparation methods of used culture

media14. Arabic summary

How to write research or thesis

Abstract Brief summary without detailsNo references

Introduction (past tense) -Provide background information -Stimulate the readers interest

-First paragraph, general overview of the topic, introduce the main idea

-Focus on a specific research problems -The rationale or justification for the

proposed study (Irrelevant information must be left out.)

Material and methods Procedures Results Present the data in text, tables, figures,

graphs that support the results Discussion Explanations for the results

Conclusions Brief statements of the major finding References papers, articles, and book

Statistical analysis

• Statistical analysis data analytics.• SPSS

References

http://www.plos.org/http://www.biomedcentral.com/

References - Federico A, Nardone G, Gravina AG, Iovene MR, Miranda

A, et al. (2012) Efficacy of 5-day levofloxacin-containing concomitant therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 143: 55-61.

- L. Kambezi, and A.J. Afolayan, ―Extracts from Aloe ferox and Withania somnifera inhibit Candida Albicans and Neisseria gonorrhoea,‖ African Journal Biotechnology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 012-015, 2008.

- Crameri R. The crux with a reliable in vitro and in vivo diagnosis of allergy. Allergy 2013;68:693–694.

Supervisor

• Specialization•  Research experience • Meeting• Follow up• Advice and guidance • Responsibility

The researcher

• Be patient• Be ambitious• Remember it is research

Thank you