The Cardiovascular System

By: Megh Shah, Kush Patel, Peter Attia, and Akshita Sanjay

Introduction• The meaning of the cardiovascular system• cardio- Greek word for Heart• vascular- Greek word for vessel• Responsible for pumping blood throughout the body

–10 pints of blood a day travels throughout the blood

• The HARDEST working system in the human body.

Heart

VeinsArterioles

Aorta

Venules

Superior Vena Cava

Ventricles

PulmonaryVein

Atriums

PulmonaryArteries

Artery

Capillaries

Inferior Vena Cava

HEART

Heart

VeinsArterioles

Aorta

Venules

Superior Vena Cava

Ventricles

PulmonaryVein

Atriums

PulmonaryArteries

Artery

Capillaries

Inferior Vena Cava

• It is made up of four muscular chambers which are the atria and the ventricles and is responsible for the movement of blood to and from the body.

• The heart is muscular and is made up of three layers of muscle. Epicardium, endocardium, and myocardium.

• It contains many blood vessels that it passes blood through to and from the body.

Examples

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

Heart

VeinsArterioles

Aorta

Venules

Superior Vena Cava

Ventricles

PulmonaryVein

Atriums

PulmonaryArteries

Artery

Capillaries

Inferior Vena Cava

• One of the largest veins in the body–Carries deoxygenated blood from circulatory

circulation into the right atrium–Specifically carries blood from the upper region

of the body• Examples include

– head, neck, arm and chest regions

What blood does the SVC pump?

The head

Chest

The arm

The neck

Location

ATRIA

Heart

VeinsArterioles

Aorta

Venules

Superior Vena Cava

Ventricles

PulmonaryVein

Atriums

PulmonaryArteries

Artery

Capillaries

Inferior Vena Cava

• A hollow chamber in which blood flows through–Composed of 2 out of 4 chambers in the heart–Located at the top of the heart near the aorta.

• Function–Receives blood from veins (pulmonary vein,

superior/inferior venae cavae)–Pumps blood to ventricles

Left AtriumOxygenated Blood enters from the pulmonary vein• Following pulmonary circulation

Sends Blood to ventricle via the mitral valve

Right Atrium

Deoxygenated blood enters from the superior and inferior vena cava• Following systemic circulation

Sends blood to ventricle via the tricuspid valve

Location of SA & AV node

Location

VENTRICLES

Heart

VeinsArterioles

Aorta

Venules

Superior Vena Cava

Ventricles

PulmonaryVein

Atriums

PulmonaryArteries

Artery

Capillaries

Inferior Vena Cava

• A thick chamber in which blood is pumped to sections of the body

• At the bottom of the heart near the apex• Function

–Pump blood to entire body and to pulmonary circulation

• The two ventricles–Left Ventricle–Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle• Pumps blood to the aorta through the

aortic valve • Larger then the R. Ventricle as it

pumps blood through out body

Right Ventricle• Blood comes from R.

Atrium• Pumps blood to lungs by

pulmonary circulation

Oxygenated Blood

De-Oxygenated Blood

Location

AORTA

Heart

VeinsArterioles

Aorta

Venules

Ventricles

PulmonaryVein

Atriums

PulmonaryArteries

Artery

Capillaries

Inferior Vena Cava

Superior Vena Cava

• This muscular artery is responsible for moving oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body .

• The aorta is the largest artery in the heart and across the entire body.

• The aorta moves blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

Layers of the Aorta

• Layer intima: Innermost layer of the aorta. Interacts with blood as it passes through.

• Layer media:Middle layer of aorta. This is the thickest layer

• Layer adventita: Outermost layer of the aorta.

Aortic

Arch

• releases blood to the head, neck, and other regions in proximity.

Exits

from Aort

a

• Brachiocephalic Trunk• Left & Right Common carotid artery• Left & Right Subclavian artery• Ascending & Descending Aorta

Semiluna

r Valv

e

• Valve that is contained at the entry point of aorta and keeps excessive blood from entering the aorta and a normal amount of blood entering the body.

aortic arch

Descending Aorta

Ascending aorta

Left subclavian artery

Right subclavian artery

Right common carotidartery

Left common carotidartery

Diagram

ARTERIES

Heart

VeinsArterioles

Aorta

Venules

Superior Vena Cava

Ventricles

PulmonaryVein

Atriums

PulmonaryArteries

Artery

Capillaries

Inferior Vena Cava

• Arteries are blood vessels that bring blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

• Arteries have a very strong outer layer and are soft on the inside

• Arteries move blood from the heart to arterioles to capillaries and then to organs in the body. 

• Examples: Pulmonary artery and aorta

Layers of Arteries

Adventitia

Media

Intima

Endothelium

Location

ARTERIOLES

Heart

VeinsArterioles

Aorta

Venules

Superior Vena Cava

Ventricles

PulmonaryVein

Atriums

PulmonaryArteries

Artery

Capillaries

Inferior Vena Cava

• They are small versions of arteries–Arterioles have similar functions to arteries but are

smaller in size.–Arterioles are one layer thick and serve as a buffer

between arteries and capillaries. –They are larger than capillaries which take blood to

different parts of the body.–Provide blood pressure because of their small size

and this controls the amount of blood flowing around the body. 

Examples

VEINS

Heart

VeinsArterioles

Aorta

Venules

Superior Vena Cava

Ventricles

PulmonaryVein

Atriums

PulmonaryArteries

Artery

Capillaries

Inferior Vena Cava

• Veins are blood vessels that move blood towards  the heart.–They are not as strong as arteries.–They contain the same three layers as arteries but

are not as strong–Veins contain valves that block blood flow

backwards into the veins. –Veins can include the pulmonary veins , and bodily

veins.

Location

VENULES

Heart

VeinsArterioles

Aorta

Venules

Superior Vena Cava

Ventricles

PulmonaryVein

Atriums

PulmonaryArteries

Artery

Capillaries

Inferior Vena Cava

• Venules are small veins that emerge from capillaries and move blood into veins and to the heart. 

• They are an intermediate between capillaries and veins.

• They are thin and small and are similar to arterioles.

Location

CAPILLARIES

Heart

VeinsArterioles

Aorta

Venules

Superior Vena Cava

Ventricles

PulmonaryVein

Atriums

PulmonaryArteries

Artery

Capillaries

Inferior Vena Cava

• Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body.

• They can move blood to and from the body organs and branch off of venules and arterioles. 

• Capillaries are extremely fragile.• Capillaries release heat and move deoxygenated

blood to veins and take oxygenated blood from arteries.

Location

BLOOD

Heart

VeinsArterioles

Aorta

Venules

Superior Vena Cava

Ventricles

PulmonaryVein

Atriums

PulmonaryArteries

Artery

Capillaries

Inferior Vena Cava

• Function of blood is that it carries oxygen to the entire body and then returns to the heart to be re-oxygenated.

• Blood is composed of four parts and is essential to normal function of the body as it provides the oxygen and nutrients necessary for the body to operate. 

The BloodstreamRed Blood Cells•Carries oxygen to cells and cardon dioxide away from them

Platelets•Clots breaks in the skin

White Blood Cells to prevent infection•Fights against foreign invaders (eg. Bacteria, Viruses)

Plasma•carries, nutrients, antibodies, and wastes. It moves around in the blood

HEART DISEASE

• Heart disease is caused because for many reasons but one main reason is atherosclerosis.

• Two well known types of heart disease are, coronary artery disease and heart attack.

• Heart disease can affect various body systems.

The Diseases• Heart Attack (myocardial infarction): Heart attack is a

condition where there is a blockage in artery like the coronary artery where blood flow to the heart or other parts of the body become blocked off. It causes heart cells to die

• Coronary Artery Disease: Coronary artery disease is when the coronary arteries of an individual become blocked off very often and when completely blocked off, stop blood flow to heart muscle.

Diagrams

Heart Attack Coronary Artery Disease

Other Body Systems • Heart diseases can affect many different body systems.

Some of these systems include the digestive, immune, nervous, respiratory, and urinary system.

• Heart disease affects the nervous system because it can cause a deficiency in the flow of blood to the brain and cause many issues.

• Heart disease affects the immune system because it contains essential nutrients such as white blood cells that may not be present.

Other Body Systems (continued)• Heart disease affects the digestive system because it can

stop the process of cellular respiration in this vital organ and glucose cannot be broken down.

• Heart disease affects the respiratory system because blood is essential for the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

• Heart disease affects the urinary system because the kidneys need blood to function properly and the urinary system is dependent on the kidneys.

Works Cited• Blackburn, V., & Harris, B. (2013, December

20). What Are Venules?. WiseGeek. Retrieved January 18, 2014, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-venules.htm

• The Flow of Blood through Blood Vessels. (1999, September 17). Blood Vessels. Retrieved January 18, 2014, from http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/vessels.htm

Works Cited Continued

• Heart Disease Health Center. (2014, January 2). WebMD. Retrieved January 18,2014 from www.webmd.com/heart-disease.default.htm

• Heart Disease Center. (2013, September 4). Center for Disease Control. Retrieved January 18,2014 from www.cdc.gov/heart+disease.default.page_1.htm

Works Cited Continued

• Arteries. (2011, November 29). Discovery. Retrieved From www.discovery.org/arteries/page?.htm

• The Flow of Blood through Blood Vessels. (1999, September 17). Blood Vessels. Retrieved January 18, 2014, from http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/vessels.htm

Works Cited Continued• Bailey, R. (n.d.). Atria of the Heart. About.com

Biology. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/ss/Atria-Of-The-Heart.htm

• Superior vena cava. (n.d.). Healthlines RSS News. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/superior-vena-cava#2/13