Presentation on the impact of hiv on the group c

By group C members

Buh Amos W.

Kamga Lucas

Ngala Mercy

Nasah Judith

Joso Mbella

Turkov Betrand

PLAN OF PRESENTATION1. Introduction

2. Impact on Education sector

3. Impact on Enterprise and Work place

4. Impact on Local Development

5. Impact on Food Security

6. Recommendations

INTRODUCTION

AIDS - acquired immuno deficiencysyndrome. It is caused by the humanimmuno deficiency virus (HIV) subdividedinto two types - HIV 1 and HIV 2 (UNAIDS2002).The HIV and AIDS epidemic has causedhuman suffering in many countriesworldwide especially Africa.An estimated 1.2 million adults and

children died of AIDS related –illnesses in2010 in sub-Saharan Africa .

INTRODUCTION Cont

More than 15 million Africans have died from AIDS-related illnesses since the beginning of the epidemic.

The impact of the epidemic has not been confined tothe health sector; households, schools, workplaces andeconomies have also been badly affected.

We are going to elaborate more on the impact of thedisease on the education sector, enterprise and workplace, local development and food security.

IMPACT ON EDUCATION SECTOR

Education is critical for positive economic developmentbut since HIV/AIDS scourge, there has been a real threatto the education sector.

HIV/AIDS impact on education creates lots of problemsthat threaten to overwhelm the structure of educationalorganization, management and even provision.

Providing education in an HIV infected population isdifferent from that in the virus free but, education isneeded to reduce transmission of HIV and its impact inall facets of life.

IMPACT ON EDUCATION SECTOR Cont

Research has shown that a global estimate of 36.5million people of working age are infected by HIV andthe global labour force has lost 28 million workers dueto AIDS since the advent of the epidemic.

Education is the most effective way of preventing HIVinfection and also reducing discrimination againstpeople living with HIV/AIDS both within and outsidethe workplace.


1.Impact on pupils and school enrolment

pupils have become orphans and caregivers for their sick parents or relatives and are more likely to drop out of school

UNICEF, 1996 confirms inability to enroll in school for many African children is HIV/AIDS related.

world Bank in 2002 declared decline in school enrolment rate has a negative impact as the epidemic, because a good basic education is one effective and cost effective means of preventing HIV.


2. Impact on teachers and teaching

HIV and AIDS have devastating effect on the already inadequate supply of teachers especially in rural areas where schools depend heavily on one or two teachers.

Teachers affected by HIV are likely to take time off work to attend funerals or to care for sick or dying relatives (Thirumurthy H. et al, 2012).


Some factors affecting teachersI. productivity

II. costs

III. stress


2.1. Productivity: According to a study in Zambia (Milimo, 1998), school authorities, Parents Teachers’ Association and communities complained of loss of teaching time due to illness of teachers.

As AIDS related sickness episodes increases, the involvement of sick teachers in school activities become progressively episodic leaving their classes to either be taken by other teachers, combined with other classes or even left untaught.


2.2. Costs:

Services of sick teachers cannot be terminated even when they are obviously non-productive, this implies a high salary cost plus the financial cost of replacement through short and long term ventures.


2.3. Stress:

Teachers have to contend with the stress of the affliction among their students, colleagues and family members.

This affects them psychologically and may even affect output


3. Impact on availability of resources for education within the family

HIV/AIDS has led to increased spending on health care , burial expenses and training of replacement employees at the expense of educational needs.

Families see HIV/AIDS as causing a lot of suffering, increasing poverty, reducing productivity and even reversing the educational gains they might have achieved. They become more concerned in HIV/AIDS problems and how to cope with its impact. This therefore, leaves a comparatively less commitment to the education


4. Impact on potential clientele for education

There is a decrease in the number of children being born these days as a result of HIV/AIDS. While some are born HIV positive and so are likely to die before school age, other parents cannot afford to have any more children as a result of their status.

Another reason for this decline might be the presence of a widow or a widower because OVC are more likely to drop out of primary school


5. Impact on content of education:

The main impact of HIV/AIDS on education is of its incorporation into the curriculum.

The World Bank (1997) posited that HIV/AIDS education is likely to be a good investment in preventing HIV.

In Zambia, they are revising the school curriculum to address the attitude and behavior of youth through the inclusion of life skills and reproductive health programmes (Zambia Ministry of Education, 1999).

Impact on enterprises and workplaces

AIDS affect labour, setting back economic and social progress. Majority of people living with HIV in Africa are between the ages of 15 and 49 -in the prime of their working lives. In 2004, the Economic Commission for Africa stated that some major factors fueling the epidemic have been identified as:IlliteracyBusiness dominated by men, especially when located in rural areasAccess to free or subsidized alcohol and tendency for alcohol abuseFrequent travel outside one’s permanent place of workLocation in border towns or transit areasIndustries dominated by seasonsWorkplace located far from permanent residenceAccess to reasonable levels of income in the midst of poverty

Impact on enterprises and workplaces cont

AIDS damages businesses by squeezing productivity, adding costs, diverting productive resources, and depleting skills.

On the whole, there is decreased productivity due to the followings:


1. Increased absenteeism: This includes absence ofinfected persons and care givers from work and alsoother employee absence to attend funerals ofcoworkers or relatives. A South African sugar companyposited that HIV positive employees took a total of 55days off as sick leave in the last 2 years of their lives(Bill, 2005).

2. Increased unskilled labour: Unskilled labour isincreased by the number of children who are forcedinto labour as a result of parental or guardianincapacitation or loss due to HIV/AIDS. Thisultimately threatens the goals of eliminating childlabour and promoting sustainable development.


3. Loss of experienced and skilled labour: This results

from untimely retirement due to ill health, employee death

and hiring of ad-hoc staff to fill in the gap due to

absenteeism. The epidemic is most prevalent among the

15-49 years age group which comprises a large number of

the workforce. The epidemic therefore reduces the stock

of skills and experience of the labour force which further

threatens the goal of poverty reduction.


4. Increased cost: The direct cost implication of this

epidemic on the workplace include an increase in

recruitment, training and retraining cost, death benefits,

provision of medical assistance, life and safety insurance

policy and it also shortens the accumulation period for

retirement funds. For example, Gold field in South Africa

reported in 2001 that HIV/AIDS accounted for 1/4 of total

company medical costs, 3/4 of all company funeral costs

and was responsible for all costs associated with death-in

service benefits (Bill, 2005).

IMPACT ON ENTERPRISES AND WORKPLACES (Cont)

5. Impact on trade unionism: On the whole, HIV/AIDS

can lead to the loss or incapability of key staff and

activists. This can lead to poor organizing skills, defect in

support to membership, reduce membership, strength and

consequently reduced financial strength.

IMPACT ON LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

Through its impacts on the labour force, householdsand enterprises, AIDS has played a significant role inthe reversal of human development in Africa (NewsFrom Africa, 2003). One aspect of this developmentreversal has been the damage that the epidemic hasdone to the economy, which, in turn, has made it moredifficult for countries to respond to the crisis.

IMPACT ON LOCAL DEVELOPMENT (Cont)

1. Reduced labour supply and productivity: HIV andAIDS affect the economy by reducing the laboursupply, through increased mortality and illness.Amongst those who are able to work, productivity islikely to decline as a result of HIV-related illnesses. Bymaking labour more expensive and reducing profits,AIDS limits the ability of African countries to attractindustries that depend on low-cost labour and makesinvestments in African businesses less desirable(UNAIDS, 2008).

IMPACT ON LOCAL DEVELOPMENT (Cont)

2. Reduced exports and increased imports: Government income declines as tax revenues fall and governments are pressured to increase their spending to deal with the expanding HIV epidemic. Therefore, increase in the expenditure of imports. It is thought that the impact of HIV and AIDS on the gross domestic product (GDP) of the worst affected countries is a loss of around 1.5% per year; this means that after 25 years the economy would be 31% smaller than it would otherwise have been (UNAIDS, 2008).

IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY

All dimensions of food security - availability, stability,access and use of food - are affected where theprevalence of HIV/AIDS is high.

Nutritional status is determined by various factors, oftencategorised into household food security, health andcare - all are affected by HIV/AIDS.

The specific impact of HIV/AIDS is related to thelivelihood systems of affected households and will varyaccording to their productive activities (agricultural andnon-agricultural) and the economic and socio-culturalcontext in which they live.

IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY (Cont)1. Direct impact on households:

When the first adult in a household falls ill, there is increasedspending for health care, food production and income dropdramatically as more adults are affected.

One study in Uganda showed that 65 percent of the AIDS-affected households were obliged to sell property to pay for care.Frequently, children are forced to discontinue schooling, as thefamily needs help and cannot pay school expenses. Timededicated to child care, hygiene, food processing andpreparation is sacrificed.

In the next stage, the partner becomes sick and sufferingaccelerates. The household is eventually reduced toimpoverished elderly people and children. These individualsmay have limited decision-making power and access toresources, as well as less knowledge, experience and physicalstrength which are required to maintain a household.

IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY (Cont)

2. Nutrition impact: In households coping withHIV/AIDS, food consumption generally decreases. Thefamily may lack food and the time and the means toprepare some meals, especially when the mother dies.A study carried out in Uganda showed that foodinsecurity and malnutrition were foremost among theimmediate problems faced by female-headed AIDS-affected households.


3. Poverty and the disease: HIV/AIDS takes anespecially heavy toll on the poor. Affected ruralfamilies commonly shift to off-farm income earningactivities such as small-scale trading, processing andservicing, which requires access to urban or peri-urbancommunities. People may migrate in search ofemployment, or may look for rapid income, which canlead to high-risk behaviours such as drug abuse orinvolvement in prostitution. The consequences ofpoverty thus increase the risk of infection, and thedisease in turn exacerbates poverty.

IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY (Cont)Whole communities thus become food insecure andimpoverished. For instance, in some highly affectedcommunities, there has been an irreversible collapse of thesocial asset base. It may be difficult to overcome thiswithout assistance. Yet, the epidemic has a significanteffect on formal institutions and their abilities to carry outpolicies and programmes to assist rural households.Institutions may suffer considerable losses in humanresources when staff and their families are infected withthe HIV virus. Care for sick family members, attendance atfunerals and observation of mourning times reduces thework output. Skilled staff are often the first to be affectedby the epidemic. The disruption in services furtheraggravates the difficulties in meeting the needs of anHIV/AIDS affected population.


4. Effects on the agriculture sector and rural economiesIn most of the highly-affected countries, agricultureprovides a living for the large majority of the population.Agriculture, particularly food production, is affected inseveral ways by HIV/AIDS.

4.1. There is a toll on the agricultural labour force. FAO hasestimated that in the 27 most affected countries in Africa, 7million agricultural workers have died from AIDS since1985, and 16 million more deaths are likely in the next twodecades. In the ten most affected African countries, labourforce decreases ranging from 10-26 percent are anticipated(see Table 1) (FAO, 2000).

IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY (Cont)Table 1: Impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural labourforce in the most affected African countries

(Projected losses in percentages)

IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY (Cont)Countries 2000 2020

Namibia 3.0 26.0

Botswana 6.6 23.2

Zimbabwe 9.6 22.7

Mozambique 2.3 20.0

South Africa 3.9 19.9

Kenya 3.9 16.8

Malawi 5.8 13.8

Uganda 12.8 13.7

Tanzania 5.8 12.7

Central Africa Republic

6.3 12.6

Ivory Cost 5.6 11.4

Cameroon 2.9 10.7

IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY (Cont)4.2. AIDS affects food production, through sickness and death, in a number of

ways:

Switching from labour-intensive crops to less demanding ones has been

observed. The variety of crops may decline and cropping patterns may change.

As a result, food supplies are less varied, with a negative impact on the

nutritional quality of the diet.

Animal husbandry and livestock production may decline. Livestock serve

multiple functions in most rural areas including a source of food, traction,

fertiliser, income and savings. Livestock may be sold to pay the medical costs

of AIDS and funeral rites may include slaughtering of animals.

Post-production, food storage and processing are impaired. Thus, the security

of food and other raw materials between harvests are at risk, including the

availability of seed for subsequent cropping.

IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY (Cont)Credit for agricultural production may be diverted forthe medical care of sick relatives, funeral expenses andfood. This results in a reduction in crop yields and lossof income causing families to default on loanrepayments or sell assets.

4.3. HIV/AIDS can have a detrimental effect oncommercial production. On small farms, cash cropsmay be abandoned because there is not enough labourfor both cash and subsistence crops. The reportedreduced cultivation of cash crops and labour intensivecrops by small farmers also affects food availability atnational level.

IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY (Cont)5. Impact at national level

The negative impact of HIV/AIDS on nutrition andfood security expands from the household to thecommunity to different parts of the country. The socio-economic deterioration will eventually have asignificant impact at the national level. The decreasein the labour force, worker productivity, total outputs,and overall economic growth could lead to a decline innational food supplies and a rise in food prices,including those in urban areas.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Although both international and domestic efforts toovercome the crisis have been strengthened inrecent years, the people of sub-Saharan Africa forexample will continue to feel the effects of HIV andAIDS for many years to come. It is clear that muchstill needs to be done to minimize this impact.

1. Campaigns to prevent new infections mustremain the central focus of the fight against AIDSand governments and other stakeholders needsto exert continuous efforts to increaseaccessibility to ART for those in need.

2. Efforts to fight the epidemic must take povertyinto account.

RECOMMENDATIONS (Cont)

3. Government should make the HIV/AIDS issue a problemto tackle and not to be avoided. In this wise,stimulating and supporting a broad multi-sectoralapproach geared at mobilization, prevention, care andsupport will go a long way in mitigation.

4. Continuous education of the workforce on the disease isimperative and clear government policies are necessaryto drive the workplace.

5. Stakeholders should set up in companies andenterprises effective HIV programmes that promoteVCT and efficient treatment of HIV infected workers.

6. Incorporate HIV/AIDS health education in thecurriculum of the basic education and in the trainingcurricuLum of the teachers.

Fin,Merci pour votre attention.

Let’s come together and fight HIV in order to reduce its impacts.

Health & Medicine

Presentation on the impact of hiv on the group c