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Depression, Disability Days, and Days Lost From Work in a Prospective Epidemiologic SurveyW. Eugene Broadhead, MD, PhD; Dan G. Blazer, MD, PhD; Linda K. George, PhD; Chiu Kit Tse, MSPH
JAMA. 1990;264(19):2524-2528.
AbstractWe describe the relationship of depression and depressive symptoms to disability days and days lost from work in 2980 participants in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study in North Carolinaafter 1 year of follow-up. Compared with asymptomatic individuals, persons with major depression had a 4.78 times greater risk of disability (95% confidence interval, 1.64 to 13.88), and persons with minor depression with mood disturbance, but notmajor depression, had a 1.55 times greater risk (95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 2.40). Because of its prevalence, individuals with minor depression were associated with 51% more disabilitydays in the community than persons with major depression. This group was also at increased risk of having a concomitant anxiety disorder or developing major depression within 1 year. We conclude that the threshold for identifying clinically significant depression may need to be reevaluated to include persons with fewer symptoms but measurable morbidity. Only by changing our nosology can the societal impact of depression be adequately addressed.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------R55117.00 [FP_YMNTHLTH] Survey Year: 2000PRIMARY VARIABLE
YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH SCALE
Youth Report, Mental Health Index. Scores range from 5 to 20; higher scores indicate more positive mental health while lower scores indicate more emotional problems.
187 1 TO 9: 5-92464 10 TO 145371 15 TO 20
R UNHAPPY, SAD, DEPRESSED (FEMALE)
[this youth] is unhappy, sad or depressed.
Copyright Items: TM Achenbach. Reproduced by Permission
1070 0 Not true
472 1 Sometimes true
42 2 Often true
-------
1584
Refusal(-1) 2
Don't Know(-2) 2
TOTAL =========> 1588 VALID SKIP(-4) 7396 NON-INTERVIEW(-5) 0
Lead In: R06907.00[Default]
Default Next Question: R06913.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R06912.00 [PC12-028] Survey Year: 1997
PRIMARY VARIABLE
R UNHAPPY, SAD, DEPRESSED (MALE)
[this youth] is unhappy, sad or depressed.
Copyright Items: TM Achenbach. Reproduced by Permission
1179 0 Not true
486 1 Sometimes true
44 2 Often true
-------
1709
Refusal(-1) 1
Don't Know(-2) 3
TOTAL =========> 1713 VALID SKIP(-4) 7271 NON-INTERVIEW(-5) 0
Lead In: R06911.00[Default]
Default Next Question: R06913.00
R48940.00 [YSAQ-282G] Survey Year: 2000
PRIMARY VARIABLE
HOW OFTEN R DEPRESSED IN LAST MONTH
How much of the time during the last month have you felt so down in the dumps
that nothing could cheer you up?
123 1 All of the time
457 2 Most of the time
2371 3 Some of the time
5077 4 None of the time
-------
8028
Refusal(-1) 44
Don't Know(-2) 7
TOTAL =========> 8079 VALID SKIP(-4) 1 NON-INTERVIEW(-5) 904
Lead In: R48939.00[Default]
Default Next Question: R48941.00
S83327.00 [YSAQ-282G] Survey Year: 2006
PRIMARY VARIABLE
HOW OFTEN R DEPRESSED IN LAST MONTH
How much of the time during the last month have you felt so down in the dumps
that nothing could cheer you up?
65 1 All of the time
274 2 Most of the time
1771 3 Some of the time
5265 4 None of the time
-------
7375
Refusal(-1) 47
Don't Know(-2) 137
TOTAL =========> 7559 VALID SKIP(-4) 0 NON-INTERVIEW(-5) 1425
Lead In: S83326.00[Default]
Default Next Question: S83328.00
# WEEKS R WORKED ANY JOB YEAR 07
Number of weeks the respondent worked at any job during the year.
850 0: 0 Weeks
130 1 TO 5: 1-5 Weeks
161 6 TO 10: 6-10 Weeks
190 11 TO 15: 11-15 Weeks
204 16 TO 20: 16-20 Weeks
228 21 TO 25: 21-25 Weeks
252 26 TO 30: 26-30 Weeks
327 31 TO 35: 31-35 Weeks
696 36 TO 40: 36-40 Weeks
2591 41 TO 45: 41-45 Weeks
1103 46 TO 50: 46-50 Weeks
638 51 TO 999: 51+ Weeks
-------
7370
Refusal(-1) 0
Don't Know(-2) 0
Invalid Skip(-3) 48
TOTAL =========> 7418 VALID SKIP(-4) 0 NON-INTERVIEW(-5) 1566
Min: 0 Max: 52 Mean: 34.54
Lead In: T00387.00[Default]
Default Next Question: T00389.00
"R4894000" "S0921200" "S4682300" "S8332700" "T0038800"
3 2 1 1 41
4 4 4 -5 -5
4 3 4 -5 -5
4 4 4 4 39
3 2 3 4 40
4 4 4 4 43
4 2 -5 3 -5
4 4 4 4 27
3 3 4 4 46
4 4 3 3 44
4 3 3 3 42
4 4 4 4 50
3 4 4 4 52
-5 -5 -5 -5 -5
3 3 4 3 -5
3 4 3 4 0
4 -5 4 -5 -5
2 3 4 -2 31
3 1 4 3 -5
3 2 4 -5 -5
4 4 4 4 44
3 4 4 -5 52
3 3 3 3 52
1 4 4 4 -3
2 3 4 4 36
-2 2 1 4 0
One-way ANOVA: "T0038800" versus "S0921200"
Source DF SS MS F P"S0921200" 4 6329 1582 3.70 0.014Error 31 13264 428Total 35 19593
S = 20.69 R-Sq = 32.30% R-Sq(adj) = 23.56%
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