PHARMACEUTICAL SUBSTANCES OF PLANT ORIGIN

BY ADAM SHAHULHAMEED 01109151001

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants have played an essential role in the Medicinal plants have played an essential role in the development of human culture.development of human culture.The vast bulk of early medicinal substances were plant The vast bulk of early medicinal substances were plant derived.derived.An estimated 3 billion people world wide continous to use An estimated 3 billion people world wide continous to use traditional plant medicines as their primary form health care.traditional plant medicines as their primary form health care.Many of these were discovered by a targeted knowledge Many of these were discovered by a targeted knowledge based Ethno botanical approach.based Ethno botanical approach.While some medicinal substances continue to be directly While some medicinal substances continue to be directly extracted from plant material,plant derived drugs can be extracted from plant material,plant derived drugs can be manufactured.manufactured.In addition chemical modification of many of these plant In addition chemical modification of many of these plant “lead” drugs have yielded a range of additional therapeutic “lead” drugs have yielded a range of additional therapeutic substances.substances.

INTRODUCTION Plant produce a primary metabolites and secondary metabolites.

Primary metabolites include carbohydrate, lipids, proteins. Primary metabolites used for growth and metabolism. This can be produced

by photosynthesis and cell component synthesis.

Plant produce a wide array of bio active molecule via secondary metabolic pathways. Secondary metabolites is a natural products derived from primary metabolites.

Secondary metabolites is the major source for pharmaceuticals, food additives, and pesticides.

CHEMICAL FAMILIES The bulk of plant derived medicines can be categorized into

a number of chemical families. Alkaioids Flavonoids Terpenes Terpenoids Steroids Quinines Coumarins xanthines salicylates

ALKALOIDS Alkaloids may be classified as relatively low molecular mass bases

containing one or more nitrogen atoms, often present in a ring system.

Alkaloids found mainly in plants. Over 6000 different alkaloids have been extracted. They are especially abundant in flowering plants particularly LUPINS,POPPIES,TOBACCO and POTATOES.

Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) contain alkaloids such as Nicotine, Nornicotine, Anabasine.

This is also used as sedative, antipasmodic, insecticide.

Solubility of these substances in organic solvents.

Subsequent chromatographic fractionation facilities separation of individual alkaloid components.

Many alkaloids are poisonous although at lower conentrations they may be useful therapeutic agents.

LUPINS POPPIES

TOBACCO POTATOES

TYPES OF ALKALOIDS TRUE ALKALOIDS It have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen. It is

derived from amino acid.

PROTO ALKALOIDS It does not have heterocyclic ring with

nitrogen. It is also derived from amino acid.

PSEUDO ALKALOIDS It have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen. It is not derived from amino acid.

ALKALOID BASED DRUGS Atropine Scopalamine Morphine CocaineATROPINE It is found in the burries of the weeds dedly night shade and black night shade

(Atropa belladonna). It is also synthesized in the leaves and roots of Hyoscyamus muticusi.At high

concentrations it is poisonous but when more dilute displays a number of beneficial medical applications.

Atropine sulphate solutions ophthalmic procedures to dilate the pupil. It is also used as pre anaesthetic. It inhibts secretion of saliva and mucus in the respiratory tract which protects the patient from broncho constructions.

It is also used as treament of motion sickness. It inhibt gastric secretion.

ATROPA BELLADONA

HYOSCYAMUS MUTICUSI

ALKALOID BASED DRUGS SCOPALAMINE It is found in the leaves of the plant Hyoscyamus niger

and shares some properties with atropine. It treat motion sickness. MORPHINE It is medically most important alkaloid present in opium. Opium itself consists of the dried milky exudate extracted from

unripe capsules of the opium poppy. Totally 50 alkaloids are extracted from opium. It grown mainly in Asia , but also in some parts of India

and china. Morphine is a powerful analgesic.These are effective in

head aches, myalgia and arthralgia. E.g Aspirins ,Novalgin.

• SCOPALAMINEMORPHINE

ASPIRINS The story of aspirin begins in the annals of folk medicine,

where willow bark and certain flowers (Filipendula ulmaria) were used to relieve rheumatic and other pain.

Because of Filipendula ulmaria (Meadow sweet) were also found to contain salicylic acid which possesses anti pyretic, anti inflammatory and analgesic properties.

ANTI PYRETICThe Anti Pyretics are the compounds which are

used for the Purpose of reducing fever lowering the body temperature to the normal).

The most common anti pyretics are aspirin, paracetamol Antipyrine and Phenacetin.

Their administration often leads to perspiration.It is also a drug of abuse.

FILIPENDULA ULMARIA

COCAINE (BENZOYL METHYLECGONINE)

It is extracted from coca leaves (Erythoxylum coca) which grows in south america and far east .It is used for medicinal and recreational purposes.

Cocaine was first isolated in 1859. It is used in ingredient in softdrinks.

It also proved as a powerful topical anaesthetic and coca leaf extract.

It is now rarely used medically several derivatives (Eg: Procaine , Lignociane , Tropacocaine )

It is used as local anaesthetics.

ERYTHOXYLUM COCA

ADDITIONAL PLANT ALKALOIDS

EPHEDRINE PAPAVERINE QUININE VINCRISTINE VINBLASTINE

EPHEDRINE It is the main alkaloids produced in the roots of ‘Ephedra sinica’ It have found medical application in china for atleast 5000 years. It was first purified from its natural source in 1887 and its chemical

synthesis was achieved in 1927. It was intially used in cardio vascular medicine and it is used to treatment

of mild hay fever and asthma. It is also used as a nasal decongestant and cough suppressant.

ADDITIONAL PLANT ALKALOIDS

PAPAVERINE It is an antipasmodic drug. It is an opium alkaloids (opioids). It is isolated in the mid-1800. It relaxes smooth muscle. It is a potent vaso dilator. It is also used to dilate pulmanary and other

arteries. It is used in the treatment of angina pectoris (usually caused by partial

blockage of the coronary artery) It is also used to treatment of heart attacks and bronchial spasms.QUININE It is an alkaloid produced by various cinchona species. Eg:cinchona

pubescens or Fever tree or Red cinchona. It native in south America. The bark of these trees were intially used to treat malaria.

ADDITIONAL PLANT ALKALOIDS

Quinine was isolated in 1820. This found to be toxic not only to protozoan plasmodium but also to several other protozoan species.

VINCRISTINE AND VINBLASTINE The madagascar periwinkle plant (Vinca-rosea) produces in the

region of 60 alkaloids including vincristine and vinblastine. These 2 closely related alkaloids ( which are obtained in yields of 3

and 2 gm/ tonne of leaves respectively) It is used as anti tumour agents. It is also used to treat Hodgkin’s

disease and certain forms of leukaemia. It is binding to tubulin , inhibiting microtubule formation during

cell division.

HODKINS DISEASE

EPHEDRA SINICA PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM

CINCHONA PUBSCENS

VINCA ROSEA

EPHEDRINEPAPAVERINE

QUININE VINBLASTINE

ERGOT ALKALOIDS Ergot is a parasitic fungus ( Claviceps genus ) which grows

upon a variety of grains. It synthesizes over 30 distinct alkaloids (Eg: Ergometrine). It is the most medically significant. It is used to minimize bleeding in delivery. Another Ergot derivative is well known HALLUCINOGENIC

DRUG. D-Lysergic diethylamide ( LSD ) 2-5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetrine (DOM) N-N-Dimethyl trptamine ( DMT).

ERGOMETRINE HALLOCINOGENIC DRUG

FLAVONOIDS

It is also known as Bio flavonoids or vitamin P. It is a class of plant secondary metabolites. It is the most important plant pigments for flower colouration

producing a yellow , red , blue pigmentation. Flavonoids are 15 carbon poly phenols produced by all vascular

plants. 4000 distinct flavonoids have now been identified. It has limited no of therapeutic activity. These substances are

generally degraded if taken orally. It is administrated medically via intravenous route. No of

flavonoids have display anti viral activity. FUNTION Chemical messenger , cell cycle inhibitor , low toxicity , anti

allergic , anti inflammatory , anti microbial , anti cancer and anti diarrhea activeties. It is also inhibit tumour invasion .

STRUCURE OF FLAVONOIDS

CLASSIFICATION OF FLAVONOIDS• According to chemical structure flavonoids can be

categorised into FLAVONES FLAVANONES ISO FLAVONES CATECHINES ANTHOCYANIDINES CHALCONES

XANTHINES CAFFEINE It is synthesized by several plants. It was originally isolated from

tea in 1838.It is methyl xanthine which stimulates the CNS and It increasing mental alertness.

It also acts as diuretic and it also stimulates gastric acid secretion.

THEOPHILLINE It is a minor constituent of tea. It is prepared by direct chemical

synthesis for medical use. It relax smooth muscle. It can be used as a broncho dilator and treatment of asthma and

bronchitisAMINOPHYLLINE It is derivative of Theophilline ( Theophilline ethylenediamine 2:1). It has greater aqueous solubility.

TEA PLANT

XANTHINE AMINOPHYLLINE

THEOPHYLLINE

TERPENES It is the polymers of the 5-carbon compound isoprene. It

properties are similar to hydrocarbons. Terpenoids are substituted terpenes (It contain additional

chemical groups such as alcohol , phenols , aldehyde and ketones ) Terpenes such as limonene , menthol and camphor form

components of various essential oils with pseudo pharmaceutical uses .

It exhibt anti tumour activity (Eg: Taxol).DITERPENOID TAXOL It is first isolated from pacific yew tree (Taxus Brevifolia). Betulinic acid is a five ringled triterpene. It is an anti cancer

agent. It is produced relatively substantial quantities in the bark of white birch tree.

PACIFIC YEW TREE WHITE BIRCH TREE

DITERPENOID TAXOL Betulinic acid is capable of selectively destroying melanoma cells

by inducing apoptosis. The current most effective drug is decarbazine is only effective

in 25% of cases.CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES It is a steroids which a carbohydrate component is attached. It is

produced by variety of plants. The major cardiac glycosides that have found medical use. It is isolated from species of DIGITALIS (fox gloves ) leaves.

This contain 2 glycoside components DIGOXIN DIGITOXIN

BETULINIC ACID

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES It increases heart muscle contraction. It is also used in the

treatment of heart failure. Both can be administrated either orally or by injection.

DIGOXIN induces an immediate action but short lived effect. DIGTOXIN is slower activity but its effects are prolonged.COUMARINS It is synthesized by a variety of plant species. Most significant

coumarins are dicoumarol and its derivative warfarin. DICOUMAROL and WARFARIN are now used as a anticogulants.

COUMARINSDICOUMAROL

CONCLUSION

ALL THINGS THERE IS A POISON ,THERE IS NOTHING WITH OUT POISON.IT DEPENDS ONLY UPON THE DOSE,WHETHER A POISON IS A POISON OR NOT………

sss

THANK YOU FRIENDS