PERIODONTIUM

By: AHMED ALBAYATI.University of Georgia

Periodontium Periodontium refers to the specialized

tissues that both surround and support the teeth, maintaining them in the maxillary and mandibular bones.

The word comes from the Greek terms peri , meaning "around" and –odons , meaning "tooth". It provides the support necessary to maintain the teeth in function.

Components of Periodontium It consists of four principal

components namely: Gingiva Periodontal ligament

(PDL) Cementum Alveolar bone

GingivaThe gingiva covers the alveolar bone and the tooth root to a level just coronal to the CEJ

TYPES : Free (marginal)

gingiva Interdental Gingiva

(Papilla) Attached gingiva

Mucogingival junction:A clearly defined mucogingival line that demarcates the attached gingiva from the adjacent alveolar mucosa. Clinically the alveolar mucosa is red,smooth and shiny unlike the gingiva which is pink and stippled in appearance.

The gingiva consists of

Central core ofConnective Tissue

Stratified SquamousEpithelium

FibersGround SubstanceCells

Keratinized or Parakeratinized

Non-keratinized

Periodontal ligament

Definition: The periodontal ligament is the soft

specialized connective tissue situated between the cementum covering the root of the tooth

and the bone forming the socket wall.

Functions of Periodontal ligament : It provides a soft tissue casing to protect

the vessels and nerves from injury by mechanical forces

Attachment of teeth to the bone Maintenance of gingival tissues in their

proper relationship to the tooth Resistance to impact of occlusal forces

Components of the Periodontal ligament

The PDL consists CELLS osteoblasts,osteoclasts,fibroblasts,rest cells of malassez,macrophages,undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and cementoblasts an extracellular compartment Consists of well defined collagenous fibres

embedded in a non collagenous extra cellular matrix of glycoproteins and glycolipids.

PERIODONTAL FIBRES: The predominant collagens of PDL are types 1. They are arranged in distinct and definite fiber

bundles and are able to adapt to the continual stresses placed on them

The principal fibres consists of - alveolar crest group -the horizontal group -the oblique group -the apical group -the interradicular group

All these principal fibres are embedded as sharpeys fibres in the cementum or bone.

CementumDefinition: Cementum is a calcified

avascular tissue that forms the outer covering of the anatomic tooth.

There are two main types of cementum they are:- 1.A celluar cementum and

2.cellular cementum

Alveolar ProcessAlveolar process is the portion of maxilla and mandible that forms and supports the tooth sockets.It consists of, -External buccal and lingual cortical plate. -Inner socket wall of compact bone called Alveolar bone -Cancellous trabeculae between these two layers,which act as a supporting alveolar bone.

Gingivitis Gingivitis is a common and

mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness and swelling (inflammation) of your gums. In the early stage of gingivitis, bacteria in plaque build up, causing the gums to become inflamed and to easily bleed during tooth brushing.. No irreversible bone or other tissue damage has occurred at this stage.

Periodontitis Periodontitis occurs when

inflammation or infection of the gums (gingivitis) is allowed to progress without treatment. Infection and inflammation spreads from the gums (gingiva) to the ligaments and bone that support the teeth. Loss of support causes the teeth to become loose and eventually fall out. 

Periodontitis is usually the result of poor oral hygiene. Brushing at least twice a day, flossing daily and getting regular dental checkups can greatly reduce your chance of developing periodontitis.

gingivitis and periodontitis

Thank you!