Submitted By…

MD. MASUM BILLAH

ID: 152-34-426

Submitted To….

Ms. Moonmoon Hoque

Sr. Lecturer

Daffodil International University

1. Acknowledgement

2. Introduction

3. About Obesity

4. Types Of Obesity

5. Obesity Rates Remain High

6. Causes of Obesity

7. Obesity Effect On Health

8. Prevention of Obesity

9. Conclusion.

Table Content….

First of all I am grateful to almighty Allah for empowering me to

complete our assignment work and successfully submitted the

assignment .

I have a great pleasure to express my deepest sense of gratitude and

indebt ness of my reverend teacher Ms Moonmoon Hoque ( Sr.

Lecturer ), Department of Nutrition & Food Engineering, Daffodil

International University for her constant guidance, keen interest,

valuable Suggestions and inspiration which she had given me

throughout the progress of the work. Without which the present

achievement would have never been possible.

I am extremely grateful to her for her Inspiration.

Md. Masum Bilah

ID:152-34-426

Department of Nutrition & Food Engineering,

Daffodil International University

Acknowledgement

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to

the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally

considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement

obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height,

is over 30 kg/m2, with the range 25–30 kg/m2 defined as overweight.

Some East Asian countries use lower values. Obesity increases the

likelihood of various diseases and conditions, particularly cardiovascular

diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types

of cancer, osteoarthritis and depression.

Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack

of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily

by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental disorder. The view that

obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is not generally

supported. On average, obese people have a greater energy expenditure than

their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body

mass.

Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and

personal choices. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Diet

quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods,

such as those high in fat and sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber.

Medications may be taken, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or

decrease fat absorption. If diet, exercise, and medication are not effective,

a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or

bowel length, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients

from food.

Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing rates

in adults and children. In 2015, 600 million adults (12%) and 100 million children

were obese. Obesity is more common in women than men. Authorities view it as

one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century.

Introduction

About Obesity

There are mainly three types of obesity, these are…..

• Any BMI ≥ 35 or 40 kg/m2 is severe obesity.

• A BMI of ≥ 35 kg/m2 and experiencing obesity-related health conditions

or ≥40–44.9 kg/m2 is morbid obesity.

• A BMI of ≥ 45 or 50 kg/m2 is super obesity.

As Asian populations develop negative health consequences at a lower BMI

than Caucasians, some nations have redefined obesity; Japan have defined

obesity as any BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 while China uses a BMI of greater

than 28 kg/m2.

Adults: More than a third of adults (34.9 percent) were obese as of 2011

to 2012.4 More than two-thirds of adults were overweight or obese (68.5

percent). Nearly 40 percent of middle-aged adults, ages 40 to 59, were

obese (39.5 percent), compared with younger adults, ages 20-39, (30.3

percent) or older adults, ages 60 and over, (35.4 percent). More than 6

percent of adults were severely obese (body mass index (BMI) of 40 or

higher).

Children: Approximately 16.9 percent of children (ages 2 to 19) were

obese in 2011 to 2012, and 31.8 percent were either overweight or obese.

More than one-in-ten children (8.4 percent) were obese starting in early

childhood (2- to 5-year-olds). By ages 12 to 19, 20.5 percent of children

and adolescents were obese. More than 2 percent of young children were

severely obese, 5 percent of 6- to 11-year-olds were severely obese and

6.5 percent of 12- to 19-year-olds were severely obese.

Types Of Obesity

Obesity Rates Remain High

At an individual level, a combination of excessive food energy intake and a

lack of physical activity is thought to explain most cases of obesity. A limited

number of cases are due primarily to genetics, medical reasons, or

psychiatric illness. In contrast, increasing rates of obesity at a societal level

are felt to be due to an easily accessible and palatable

diet, increased reliance on cars, and mechanized manufacturing.

Diet:

A 2016 review supported excess food as the primary factor. Dietary energy

supply per capita varies markedly between different regions and countries.

It has also changed significantly over time. From the early 1970s to the late

1990s the average food energy available per person per day (the amount of

food bought) increased in all parts of the world except Eastern Europe. The

United States had the highest availability with 3,654 calories (15,290 kJ) per

person in 1996. This increased further in 2003 to 3,754 calories

(15,710 kJ).During the late 1990s Europeans had 3,394 calories (14,200 kJ)

per person, in the developing areas of Asia there were 2,648 calories

(11,080 kJ) per person, and in sub-Saharan Africa people had 2,176 calories

(9,100 kJ) per person. Total food energy consumption has been found to be

related to obesity.

Sedentary lifestyle:

A sedentary lifestyle plays a significant role in obesity. Worldwide there has

been a large shift towards less physically demanding work, and currently at

least 30% of the world's population gets insufficient exercise. This is

primarily due to increasing use of mechanized transportation and a greater

prevalence of labor-saving technology in the home. In children, there

appear to be declines in levels of physical activity due to less walking and

physical education. World trends in active leisure time physical activity are

Causes of Obesity

less clear. The World Health Organization indicates people worldwide are

taking up less active recreational pursuits, while a study from Finland found

an increase and a study from the United States found leisure-time physical

activity has not changed significantly. A 2011 review of physical activity in

children found that it may not be a significant contributor.

Genetics:

Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay

between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in

various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity

when sufficient food energy is present. As of 2006, more than 41 of these

sites on the human genome have been linked to the development of obesity

when a favourable environment is present.

Other illnesses:

Certain physical and mental illnesses and the pharmaceutical substances

used to treat them can increase risk of obesity. Medical illnesses that

increase obesity risk include several rare genetic syndromes (listed above)

as well as some congenital or acquired

conditions: hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, growth hormone

deficiency, and the eating disorders: binge eating disorder and night eating

syndrome. However, obesity is not regarded as a psychiatric disorder, and

therefore is not listed in the DSM-IVR as a psychiatric illness. The risk of

overweight and obesity is higher in patients with psychiatric disorders than

in persons without psychiatric disorders.

Excessive body weight is associated with various diseases and conditions,

particularly cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, obstructive

sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis and asthma. As a result,

obesity has been found to reduce life expectancy.

Mortality:

Obesity is one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide. A

number of reviews have found that mortality risk is lowest at a BMI of 20–

25 kg/m2 in non-smokers and at 24–27 kg/m2 in current smokers, with risk

increasing along with changes in either direction. This appears to apply in at

least four continents. In contrast, a 2013 review found that grade 1 obesity

(BMI 30-35) was not associated with higher mortality than normal weight,

and that overweight (BMI 25-30) was associated with "lower" mortality than

was normal weight (BMI 18.5-25). Other evidence suggests that the

association of BMI and waist circumference with mortality is U- or J-shaped,

while the association between waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height

ratio with mortality is more positive.[41] In Asians the risk of negative health

effects begins to increase between 22–25 kg/m2.

Morbidity:

Obesity increases the risk of many physical and mental conditions. These

comorbidities are most commonly shown in metabolic syndrome a

combination of medical disorders which includes: diabetes mellitus type

2, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and high triglyceride levels.

Complications are either directly caused by obesity or indirectly related

through mechanisms sharing a common cause such as a poor diet or

a sedentary lifestyle. The strength of the link between obesity and specific

conditions varies. One of the strongest is the link with type 2 diabetes.

Excess body fat underlies 64% of cases of diabetes in men and 77% of cases

in women.

Obesity Effect On Health

Whether you're at risk of becoming obese, currently overweight or at a

healthy weight, you can take steps to prevent unhealthy weight gain and

related health problems. Not surprisingly, the steps to prevent weight gain

are the same as the steps to lose weight: daily exercise, a healthy diet, and

a long-term commitment to watch what you eat and drink.

• Exercise regularly. You need to get 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-

intensity activity a week to prevent weight gain. Moderately intense

physical activities include fast walking and swimming.

• Follow a healthy eating plan. Focus on low-calorie, nutrient-dense foods,

such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Avoid saturated fat and limit

sweets and alcohol. Eat three regular meals a day with limited snacking.

You can still enjoy small amounts of high-fat, high-calorie foods as an

infrequent treat. Just be sure to choose foods that promote a healthy

weight and good health most of the time.

• Know and avoid the food traps that cause you to eat. Identify situations

that trigger out-of-control eating. Try keeping a journal and write down

what you eat, how much you eat, when you eat, how you're feeling and

how hungry you are. After a while, you should see patterns emerge. You

can plan ahead and develop strategies for handling these types of

situations and stay in control of your eating behaviours.

• Monitor your weight regularly. People who weigh themselves at least

once a week are more successful in keeping off excess pounds.

Monitoring your weight can tell you whether your efforts are working

and can help you detect small weight gains before they become big

problems.

• Be consistent. Sticking to your healthy-weight plan during the week, on

the weekends, and amidst vacation and holidays as much as possible

increases your chances of long-term success.

Prevention of Obesity

Hopefully after this activity you are more aware of the affects of

obesity. Many people do not realize how damaging obesity can be to the

body and for your overall health. Obesity is something that is increasingly

on the rise today and will continue to rise unless we do something about it

like informing people of how bad it really is and encouraging people to live

a health-enhancing lifestyle. A healthy diet and exercising two to three

times a week is key to not becoming obese. Let's change the trend

of obesity by living healthy lives and building towards a healthy Bangladesh.

Conclusion

THE END