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My Horse University and eXtension’s HorseQuest welcome you to this live Webcast.
Supplements,Choosing Them
Wisely
Carey Williams, PhDEquine Extension Specialist
University of Minnesota
Meet our presenter:
Dr. Carey WilliamsEquine Extension Specialist
Rutgers University
Current Use of SupplementsMulti-million dollar marketBefore 1 page in catalogues,now 20 pages~70% horses receive sometype of supplement
Why Use a Supplement?Something missing fromnormal dietImprove a problemImprove performancePrevent performance failureCover all bases
Do We Need to SupplementNot if normal horse with well-balanced dietWhat is a well-balanced diet?– Minimum feeding rate for
commercial feed– Appropriate feed– Quality forage
What is a normal horse?– Wear & tear
Balanced DietRed = forageYellow = pelletBlue = salt
Nutrients meet orExceed requirements
Dietary SupplementA product that contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients– Vitamin– Mineral– Herb or other botanical– Amino acid (protein)
NutraceuticalAny non-toxic food component that has scientifically proven health benefits, including disease treatment and prevention“nutra” = nutrient– Nourishing food or food component
“ceutical” = pharmaceutical– Nourishing food or food component
“nutraceutical” = food that acts like drug
NutraceuticalsEnzymes– Super oxide dismutase– Catalase
Fatty acids– Eicosanoids
Amino Acids– Creatine– L-Carnatine– Glutamine
Glucosamines/CS/HAMSM/HMBCoenzyme Q10DMGVitamin F(Herbs)
Herbal SupplementsNot true nutraceuticalMany have drug action– More than one active component– Possible interactions
No regulation in herbal products for horsesSome testing done in humans and lab animals– More studies done in Germany
Warn people to read as much as they can on the herb before supplementing– Consult with vet if they are on any medications
Herbal SupplementsDevil’s Claw – anti-inflammatory effectEchinecea – anti-inflam. And antioxidant effect
– In horses, found to have immune stim. effect
Garlic – anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitical
– In horses, freeze dried garlic fed at > 0.4 g/kg/d developed symptoms of Heinz body anaemia
Ginger – anti-thrombitic, antioxidant, anti-inflam., and anti-bacterial properties
– In horses, reduced cardio recovery after exercise, but increased inflam. cytokines
Herbal SupplementsGinseng – immunostimulating, anti-inflam., and antioxidant propertiesValerian Root – sedative, anti-spasmodic effects
– Found in many ‘calming aids’
Yucca – anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-spasmodic effect
– Used to reduce pain and inflam. of arthritis– Found in many joint supplements
Etc…– Flaxseed, liquorice, cranberry, horse chestnut, green and black tea, etc.
Oral Joint SupplementsTwo major goals– Unsound to Sound
– “Heal”– Prevention
– “Resistant”
Research slow to prove effectivenessExpectations fueled by testimonials and ads
Abnormal JointsTraining hard on joints– Swelling– Soreness
Inflammation– Acute vs. Chronic
Caused by:– Mechanical Stress (injury, poor conformation)– Chemical Stress (bacterial)
Result = Osteoarthritis
Chondroitin SulfateIs part of the natural body lubricants called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)Elements of connective tissue and cartilage – Help with cartilage damage– Replace proteoglycan– Anti-inflammatory effect– Inhibit enzyme destruction
Absorption by gut – 32%– Large molecule– Broken down and reassembled?
GlucosamineMakes up ½ of the hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate moleculesHelps form proteoglycans that lubricate and protect cartilage– Precursor to GAG– Is the “rate-limiting” step in production of GAGs– Anti-inflammatory effect
Absorption documents – 2.5%Most supplements don’t have adequate amount
Hyaluronic AcidComponent of joint fluidProduced by synovial membrane– Lubricates joint– Cushions cartilage– Protects synovial membranes
Supplemental HA helps lubricatejoints with arthritisOne of the most abundant GAGs in the body
MSM“Methylsulfonylmethane”Source of elemental SULFURComponent of collagen– Protein structures (hair, nails and
connective tissues)
No research to back claimsFound in low levels in foods
ManganeseTrace mineralRequired as co-factor for synthesis of GAGAdded to make sure enough Mnavailable for synthesisNutrient requirement vs. intake– Little danger
ManganeseSupplemented as Ascorbate orAscorbic acidCo-factor for formation of collagenHorses produce their ownVitamin CMore = better?
Joint SupplementsOVERALL: Found to be only beneficial in treating an existing joint problem
Not used as a preventive measure
AntioxidantsAntioxidant supplements:
Vitamin E (most common)Vitamin CBeta-CaroteneGlutathioneLipoic AcidSeleniumCysteine
Antioxidant Action
Stable Chemical
OxidationFree Radicals
Stable Chemicals
Antioxidant
Oxidative Stress in Horses
Exercise
Reproduction
Rapid Growth
UV Rays
OtherStresses
Poor Nutrition
Inflammation
Environmental Toxins
Viral Infection
Protozoa
Vitamin APrecursor is Beta CaroteneRisk of:– Cancer– Cardiovascular disease– Macular degeneration
Deficiency– Night blindness– Sever joint lesions
Vitamin A & Vitamin ENormally supplied in fresh pasturePoor pasture may have low vitamin levels
(Greiwe-Crandell et al., 1995)
Vitamin E & CVitamin C may spare vitamin E by reducing radicals and restoring vitamin E activityPolo ponies at high exercise intensities benefited from Vitamins E + C supplementation
Vitamin E & SeSe is a cofactor for GPx, an antioxidant enzyme – Most commercial feeds have additional Se– Soil content varies throughout the country– Can be toxic!
– Blind staggers = weight loss, anorexia, excessive salivation, jaundice or necrosis of heart and liver
Required = 0.3 mg/kg diet (about 3 mg/day)– Toxic = about 18 mg/day
Se + E can potentate the antioxidant effects
Water & ElectrolytesExercise: heat productionDissipated in sweat and respiratory tract losses of electrolytesDehydration results in performance– Accompanied by coldness, fatigue, muscular tremors, colic,
thumps, appetite
ElectrolytesCarry an electrical chargeEndurance horses can lose upto 6-8% of their BW as waterLargest portion of horse sweat is Na, Cl, K– These increase 3-, 7-, 6-fold– Small amounts of Ca and P
Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl
ElectrolytesNot all electrolytes are created equalLook for % sugar or ingredient listing– Dextrose– Sucrose
1st ingredient should be salt (sodiumchloride)If it doesn’t taste like salt it will not do much for your horse
Electrolytes for CompetitionPreloading– In feed– In water– Dose
Preloading– 1-2 oz. at every vet check
Dose supplementation– Applesauce/Yogurt– Corn syrup– Maylox
Hoof SupplementsExperiments with positive results on:– Biotin – therapeutic quantities– Zinc
May help poor feet– Dependant on problem
Won’t help good feetGood balanced diet may be moreeffective than hoof supplement
Major Nutrients for HoovesBiotin– B Vitamin activates production of keratin
Iodine– Essential for thyroid hormones that develop all tissues
Methionine– Responsible for keratin within the hoof
Zinc– Contributes to the health of the hoof & reactions
controlling metabolism
Recommended DosagesBiotin: 20 mg/dayIodine: 1 mg/dayMethionine: Not knownZinc: 175-250 mg/day
Cost comparison; checkdaily dose size!
Coat ConditionerNutrients that help hoofquality, help coatHigh fat diets– Essential fatty acids– Omega 3 & 6– Flax/linseed
Elbow grease
Calming AidsSupplements for the nervous horse
Vitamin B’s – Thiamine is the one that is commonly used to calm a nervous horse– Water soluble they will not be toxic at these supplemented levels
Tryptophan (amino acid)Magnesium– Make sure you are not overdoing the Mg– If you are on another mineral supplement I would stop feeding it with
the calming aid
Digestive AidsProbiotics– Naturally occurring live organisms– Produce digestive enzymes, B-vitamins and growth
inhibitors help break down nutrients– Used after antibiotic treatment, illness or surgery, or other stresses
Yeast fiber digestion– Normalize problem feces, including diarrhea– Stabilize gut pH– Decrease disease-causing bacteria
Other SupplementsMuscle builders– Amino acids
– Lysine and threonine are limiting– Gamma oryzanol
– Extracted from rice bran
Weight builders (fats)– Omega-3 fatty acids
– Found in fish oil and flax seed
Other SupplementsHelp with anhidrosis– Based on the theory of an imbalance of dopamine to the
nor-adrenaline/adrenaline complex
Stop a horse from chewing wood– High in fiber
Immune stimulatory– Many herbal products– Antioxidants
SummaryHerbal supplements are NOT always safeJoint supplements are NOT the magic drugElectrolytes are NOT needed as a daily supplementDigestive aids will NOT help a normal horseHoof supplements will NOT improve hooves overnightRead labels before purchasing supplements!Be an educated buyer!
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Upcoming Webcasts
Horse Health SeriesColic: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | Jan. 19Respiratory Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | Feb. 16Lameness in the Performance Horse | March 16Rehabilitating the Lame Horse | March 23Equine Emergency First Aid | April 20All Webcasts will be at 7PM ET
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