Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines

What's new????

Dr Aakash PanditaDNB Neonatology

Fernandez Hosipital

• Introduction•Preparation /Anticipation• Initial assessment•Whom to resuscitate• Steps of resuscitation•New additions•Conclusion

Introduction•Approximately 10% of newborn's require some

assistance.• Less than 1% require extensive resuscitation

measures

Because of the large total number of births, a significant number will require some degree of resuscitation

Anticipate the risk•Assessment of perinatal risk factors•Assemble the appropriate personnel •Organize access to supplies and check equipment• Effective teamwork and communication

Initial Assessment?•Assess the answers to the following 3 questions:• Term gestation?• Good tone?• Breathing or crying

Whom to resuscitate?• If the answer to any of these assessment questions is

“NO”

•A. Initial steps of stabilization•B. Ventilate and oxygenate (HR/Breathing)•C. Initiate chest compressions (HR < 60) •D. Administer epinephrine and/or volume

Approximately 60 seconds (“the Golden Minute”) are allotted for completing initial steps, revaluating and beginning ventilation if required

New EntriesUmbilical cord management

DCC : less IVH, higher BP, blood volume, less need for transfusion after birth, and less NEC No evidence of decreased mortality or decreased incidence of severe IVH

slightly increased level of bilirubin associated with more need for phototherapy

New EntriesConsensus: •DCC > 30 seconds is reasonable for both T/PT infants

who do not require resuscitation at birth•No routine use of cord milking for infants < 29 weeks of gestation outside of a research setting

New Entries

Temperature regulation•Admission temperature strong predictor of mortality

at all gestational ages.•Hypothermia increases risk of IVH, respiratory issues,

hypoglycaemia and late-onset sepsis

predictor of outcomes as well as a quality indicator

New EntriesConsensus•Maintain temperature between 36.5-37.5°C•Plastic wrap, radiant warmer, thermal mattress, warm

humidified gases and increased room temperature•Hyperthermia (>38.0°C) should be avoided•Rapid or slow cooling both acceptable

New EntriesMaintaining normothermia in resource-limited settings

•Clean food-grade plastic bag up to the level of the neck and swaddle

them after drying •Kangaroo mother care

New Entries

Maternal hyperthermia in labour is associated with increased mortality, neonatal seizures and encephalopathy

New EntriesMeconium Stained Amniotic Fluid• Deterioration of pulmonary compliance, oxygenation and cerebral blood

flow velocity accompany tracheal suction

Non vigorous baby: Routine intubation for tracheal suction not suggested

New EntriesAssessment of Heart Rate

• Increasing heart rate is most sensitive indicator of a successful response to each intervention•Underestimation of the newborn’s heart rate by auscultation,

palpation and pulse oximetry• 3-lead ECG displayed a reliable heart rate faster

than pulse oximetry

New EntriesConsensus

During resuscitation of T/PT newborn's, use 3-lead ECG for the rapid and accurate measurement of the newborn’s heart rate

New EntriesAdministration of oxygen in Preterm• Resuscitation of PT newborn's (<35) with high oxygen (65%) showed no

improvement in survival to hospital discharge

Resuscitate preterm < 35 weeks with low oxygen (21-30%) and titrate to achieve preductal oxygen saturation

New EntriesPositive Pressure Ventilation/PEEP• PEEP :supplementary oxygen required to achieve target oxygen saturation may be slightly less

when using PEEP.

5 cm H2O PEEP when PPV is administered to preterm newborn's

PPV delivered effectively with a flow-inflating bag, self-inflating bag or T-piece resuscitator

New Entries

• Use of respiratory mechanics monitors have been reported to prevent excessive pressures and tidal volumes• Exhaled CO2 monitors may help assess that actual gas

exchange is occurring during face-mask PPV attempts.

Effectiveness, particularly in changing important outcomes, has not been established

New Entries LMA recommended during resuscitation > 34 weeks when tracheal intubation is unsuccessful or is not feasible

New Entries• CPAP decreases rate of intubation, duration of MV with potential benefit of

reduction of death and/or BPD without significant increase in air leak or severe IVH.

spontaneously breathing PT infants with respiratory distress may be supported with CPAP initially rather than routine intubation for administering PPV

New EntriesChest compression

100% Oxygen whenever chest compressions are provided

Supplementary oxygen concentration should be weaned as soon as the HR recovers

• In asystolic /bradycardic neonates no routine use of any single feedback device (ETCO2 monitors/pulse oximeters) for detection of return of spontaneous circulation•Usefulness has not been well established

New EntriesInduced Therapeutic Hypothermia (Resource Limited setting)

TH may be considered and offered under clearly defined protocols similar to those used in published clinical trials and in facilities with the capabilities for multidisciplinary care and longitudinal follow-up

New EntriesWithholding Resuscitation

• < 25 weeks, consider accuracy of gestational age assignment, presence/absence of chorioamnionitis and the level of care

• Useful data for antenatal counselling provides outcome figures for infants alive at the onset of labor, not only forthose born alive or admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit

Structure of educational programs to teach neonatal resuscitation• Advantages in psychomotor performance, knowledge and confidence

when focused training occurred every 6 months or morefrequently.

Neonatal resuscitation task training should occur more frequently than the current 2-year interval

Any Questions???