Dr. Rajesh Karyakarte MD

Professor and Head,Department of Microbiology,

Government Medical College,

Akola

Nanotechnology

Definition: NanotechnologyNanotechnology is the

understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.

The National Nanotechnology Initiative, US.

Atomically precise positioning of carbon monoxide molecules on a copper surface enables data storage with bits smaller than atoms

Nanotechnology: Timeline

The physicist Richard Feynman first developed the concept 'nanotechnology' (but he did not specifically use this term) in a talk “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” given at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959.

Nanotechnology: Timeline cont.…

Professor Norio Taniguchi of the Tokyo Science University, introduced the term “nanotechnology”, in a 1974 paper. He described nanotechnology as the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule."

Nanotechnology: Timeline cont.…

In the 1980s, Dr. K. Eric Drexler, promoted nanoscale phenomena through books:• Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of

Nanotechnology• Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery,

Manufacturing, and Computation He was ultimately responsible for the term nanotechnology to acquire its current sense.

Three Champions of Nanotechnology

Feynman Taniguchi Drexler

Nanotechnology developed in early 1980s with two major developments; the birth of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).

Nanotechnology: Early development

Cluster science: purpose of this research was to study the gradual development of collective phenomena which characterize a bulk solid.

Collective phenomena (color, electrical conductivity, and magnetic properties) break down for very small cluster sizes.

Cluster science

Scanning tunneling microscope (STM): is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.

Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zürich), the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986

Scanning tunneling microscope

The field of nanotechnology matured with the discovery of fullerenes in 1985 and carbon nanotubes a few years later.

Nanotechnology: Further developments

Carbon NanotubeBuckminsterfullerene C60

The Atomic Force Microscope was invented in 1986. It allowed for unprecedented control over nanomaterial design and characterization

Nanotechnology: Timeline cont.…

A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. A single gold atom is about 1/3 of a nanometer in

diameter. A DNA double helix has a diameter of about 2 nm.Picornavirus is around 20 nm. Mycoplasma is around 200 nm in.A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers

thick. Fascinatingly, the beard of a man grows by a

nanometer in the time he takes to bring the razor to his face for a shave

Scale of things - Nanometer

Nanotechnology and MicrobiologyTracing Single Molecule

with the help of NTLene Oddershede and

colleagues: the lateral mobility of the λ-receptor within the outer membrane of a living Escherichia coli bacterium is restricted. This restriction is because the periplasmic domain of λ-receptor is interacting with the underlying peptidoglycan layer.

Nanotechnology and Microbiology Cont.Pushing and

Pulling Nano-objects to study forces acting on individual moleculeOptical tweezer-

studies by Michael Sheetz and colleagues show that type IV pilus is responsible for twitching motility.

Nanotechnology and Microbiology Cont.Steered molecular

dynamics (SMD) simulations Stretching the E. coli

adhesion protein FimH, which is at the outer tip of type I fimbriae causes a conformational change in structure that increases the affinity of FimH for its target mannose.

Studying Molecular Cooperation with the help of NTMichele Wang and her collaborators studied

isolated RNA polymerase molecules with optical tweezer experiments.

Stephen Halford and others showed that the super-coiling of DNA actually accelerate the rate at which regulatory proteins that interact with specific target DNA sequences.

Nanotechnology and Microbiology Cont.

Nanotechnology and Microbiology Cont.Use of Nanoscope

to study Living Bacteria

Nanoscope

Shows the fluorescent membrane of Bacillus megaterium.

Bacteria are inspiring nanoscale engineersArchaea stabilize their membranes against

thermal agitation by integrating lipids that span across the two lipid leaflets, acting as molecular “staples.” Useful in drug delivery.

The S-layer proteins allow for selected nutrient transport across Archaea and bacteria membranes. Uwe Sleytr and colleagues have assembled these proteins ex vivo into two-dimensional protein arrays to function as ultra-filtration membranes with defined sieving properties.

Nanotechnology and Microbiology Cont.

Hiroyuki Noji and colleagues , using single molecule spectroscopy, demonstrated that the central shaft of F1-ATPase rotates with respect to the surrounding barrel when ATP is present.

Subsequently, these F1-ATPases were assembled on micro-fabricated posts to function as a nanoscale motor.

Nanotechnology and Microbiology Cont.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are now well established scientific and engineering disciplines.

Nanomedicine is emerging as one of the most important sub-disciplines under the nanotechnology umbrella.

Nanomedicine

European Science Foundation (ESF) has defined nanomedicine as ‘the science and technology of diagnosing, treating and preventing disease and trumatic injuries, of relieving pain, and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of human body

Nanomedicine

US NIH has a similar definition ‘Nanomedicine … refers to highly specific medical intervention at the molecular scale for curing diseases or repairing damaged tissues, such as bone, muscle, or nerve.

Nanomedicine

The ESF nanomedicine report identified 5 main sub-disciplines in nanomedicine:Analytical tools NanoimagingNanomaterials and nanodevicesNovel therapeutics and drug delivery

systemsClinical, regulatory and toxicological

issues

Nanomedicine

This ‘sandwich assay’ uses 2 different particles that bind Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) :A gold nanoparticle probe (30 nm diameter)A magnetic microparticleThe test is 300-times more sensitive than traditional tests.The test detects PSA in concentrations below 0.1 ng/ml in blood. i.e., below the detection limit of traditional assays

Nanoparticle-based assay for prostate cancer (Analytical tool)

The intracellular target in this study was ATP.

Aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles for intracellular targeted molecular imaging

Near-infrared emitting fluorophore-doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles for in vivo imaging .

Nanoimaging

Fighting Bacteria Using NanotubesSWCNTs: Single-

walled carbon nanotubes can kill bacteria, such as E. coli, by severely damaging their cell walls. SWCNTs can be used to create antimicrobial materials and surface coating to improve hygiene. (This will be after toxicity studies).

DermaVir (Genetic Immunity) is the first topically administered nanomedicine therapeutic vaccine for HIV/AIDS

It contains a plasmid DNA complexed with a polyethyleneimine that is mannobiosylated to enable the nanomedicine to target antigen-presenting cells

DermaVir entered the Phase II/III human trial

Nanomedicine Vaccine for HIV

Noninvasive technology developed by Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Professor Jin Zhang at the university of Western Ontario.

Nanoparticles are embedded into hydrogel lenses.

The nanoparticles react with glucose in tears, causing a chemical reaction that changes their color.

Color-changing contact lenses indicate blood glucose level in diabetes

The study in hamsters with acute hemorrhage with nanoparticle-based nitric oxide therapy demonstrated preservation of cardiac function and improve survival.

Novel nanoparticle therapy may improve survival after blood loss

Gold nanoshells combined with heat suggest future hope in breast cancer treatmentGold nanoshells are

utilized to deliver a small amount of heat to breast cancer cells that have been previously treated with radiation. Gold nanoshells are heated with near-infrared laser.

The first proof in humans that a targeted nanoparticles can traffic into human tumors and turn off a vital cancer gene via RNA interference has been provided by researchers and clinicians at the California Institute of Technology.

RNA interference nanoparticle therapy for human tumors

Nanomedicine

Nanotechnology- based products incorporate nanoscale:Liposomes: Caelyx®, Doxil® and Myocet™Lipid micelles: Estrasorb®Virosomes: Epaxal Berna®Pegylated proteins: Neulasta®, Pegesys®, PegIntron®,

Macugen® and Somavert®CALAA-01 with proprietary siRNA-polymer delivery systemSynthetic amino acid polymer in Copaxone®Protein conjugates: Abraxane®Microemulsions of cyclosporineNanocrystalline suspensions: Rapamune®, Emend® and

Megace ES

Medicinal Products containing nanomaterials authorized in EU and US

SAFENANO is a website that provides information relating to nanotechnology health and safety.

It is managed by Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) (Edinburgh, UK).

http://www.safenano.org

SAFENANO

Tata Swach uses nanotechnologyThe Swach filter system,

consisting of nanoparticle-sized silver particles bonded on to the fibrous rice husk ash support, is designed to destroy bacteria in drinking water with a high kill rate.

Cheers to India!

Thank You!