NANO TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR RECENT APPLICATIONS IN

MEDICAL FIELD 2017

Presented by:

Chaitanya Bhushan Indugula, (M.Pharmacy)

Department Of Pharmaceutical Technology,

Roll No: 615259801002,

Pydah College Of Pharmacy,

Affiliated Andhra University,

Visakhapatnam.

Under the guidance of

CH. Satya Surya Prasad M.Pharm. (Ph.D),

Department of pharmaceutics,Pydah College Of Pharmacy.

CONTENTS:

1.INTRODUCTION

2. DEFINITION

3.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

4.TYPES OF NANO PARTICLES

5. CLASSIFICATION OF NANO PARTICLES

6.PREPARATION OF NANO PARTICLES

7.ADVANCED PREPARATION OF NANO PARTICLES

8.APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

9. CONCLUSION

1.Introduction:

The term Nanotechnology was first coined by Tokyo Science University professor Norrio Taniguchi in 1974 . Nano technology

The term „nanotechnology‟ was derived by Greek word „ nanos‟, meaning „dwarf‟

Tech means science.

Ology means Study.

2.DEFINITION:

Nano technology: It is the design, characterization, production and applications of structures, devices and systems by controlling

shape and size at the nanometer scale.

“Nano particles: These are Sub-Nano sized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers.

Size range: 10-1000nm

The drug is Dissolved, Entrapped, Encapsulated or Attached to a Nano particle matrix.

3.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

Advantages:

• Can detect some diseases in their early stages.

• Can help cleanup existing pollution in the air.

• Nano constructed materials can reduce the amount of energy used in a vehicle .

• Longer shelf-stability.

• High carrier capacity.

• Increase the bioavailability of drugs.

Disadvantages:

• May trigger immune response and allergic reactions.

• Nonmaterial's are not regulated by the government.

• Some nanoparticles may be toxic to humans.

• Atomic weapons can now made to be more powerful and more destructive.

• Cost was high.

4. TYPES OF NANO PARTICLES:

1.Gold: These nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used in immunochemical studies for identification of protein interactions. They are used

as lab tracer in DNA fingerprinting to detect presence of DNA in a sample.

Ex: i. Detection of amino glycoside antibiotics like streptomycin, gentamycin and neomycin.

ii. Gold nanorods are used to detect cancer stem cells.

2.Silver:

These nanoparticles are the most effective amongst all because of its good antimicrobial efficacy against bacteria, viruses and other

eukaryotic microorganisms.

Ex: Most widely used Nano material's.

3. Magnetic Nanoparticles:

Magnetic nanoparticles are manipulated using magnetic field gradients. Such particles commonly consists of magnetic elements

such as iron, nickel and cobalt and their chemical compounds. Ranges from 50- 200 nanometers.

Ex: They are actively found in cancer treatment (magnetic hyperthermia) guided drug delivery, gene therapy, DNA analysis, and

magnetic resonance imaging.

Types of Magnetic nanoparticles:

Magnetic Iron Oxide Nano crystals

Magnetic Cobalt Nanoparticles

Ferrite powders

4.Nanotubes:

Carbon Nanotubes:

Single wall (SWNT):

Single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) have a width of near 1 nanometer.

Double wall (DWNT):

These are an essential sub-fragment of Multi-Walled nanotubes.

Multiwall (MWNT):

Comprise of different moved concentric containers of graphene.

• Graphitized Multi wall CNTs:

Consist of graphitic foliates.

Industrial grade MWCNTs:

Additive in polymers, in catalyst, emitters, etc.

Special MWCNTs:

Special MWCNTs or Nitrogen doped MWCNTs

Vertically Aligned CNTs:

Low Sight Density, Standard Site Density finest quality.

5.Nanowires:

Solid material in the form of wire with diameter smaller than about 100 nm is called as a nanowire.

Nanowires is also known as quantum wires.

Types Of Nanowires:

4 types such as:

• Metallic: These are made from Platinum, Gold or Nickel.

• Semi-conducting: This type of nanowire comprises of Silicon, Indium phosphide or Gallium Nitride.

• Insulating: It is made up of Silicon Dioxide ,Titanium dioxide.

• Molecular: This type involves repeating organic or inorganic molecular units in a particular format.

• Applications: Many novel applications.

Such as

Magnetic, Electrical, Optical, Mechanical.

6.Nanorods:

They are nanostructures in the shape of long sticks with a diameter.

Nano rods can be produced from semiconducting materials or metals.

Dimension can range from 1 to 100 nm.

ZnO Nanorods :

They are also known as nanowire and have an excitation binding energy of 60 meV.

Optical band gap of ZnO nanorod can be tuned by altering the composition, size, morphology, etc..

Gold Nanorods:

For synthesizing high-quality gold nanorods; seed-mediated growth technique is mostly used.

7.Quantum Dots:

Quantum dot is a nanostructure or tiny particle of a semiconducting substance .

Range of 2nm to 10nm.

These Nano products display exclusive electronic properties.

Different quantam dots:

Such as

Cadmium Selenide (CdSe)

Cadmium Sulfide Cds) Quantum Dots

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)Quantum Dots

Lead Sulfide (PbS) Quantum Dots.

5. Classification of Nano Particles:

Dimensionality of Nanoparticles:

Classified based on their dimensionality, morphology, composition, uniformity, and agglomeration.

1D Nanomaterials:

These are one dimensional in the nanometer scale are typically thin films.

Ex: Computer chips, eye glasses.

2D Nano materials:

Two-dimensional Nano materials have two dimensions in the nanometer scale.

These include 2D nanostructured films.

Ex: Asbestos fibers are an example of 2D nanoparticles.

3D Nano materials:

Materials that are nanoscaled in all three dimensions are considered 3D nano materials.

Ex: Atomic-scale porosity, colloids.

6.Methods of preparation:

1. Phase Separation Technique ( Desolvation) :

Only desolvation, may give the final product as Nanospheres.

Desolvation deaggregates the proteins.

Lipophilic, & Hydrophilic could be entrapped in nanoparticles using this technique.

a) PH INDUCED AGGREGATION.

b) COUNTER ION INDUCED AGGREGATION.

Preparations

a) PH INDUCED AGGREGATION:

Gelatin & tween 20 were dissolved in aq phase.

PH of the solution adjusted to Optimum Value.

Clear solution obtained was heated to 400C . Quenching at 40C for 24hrs – 48 hrs.

Colloidal dispersion of aggregated gelatin

Glutaraldehyde as cross linking agent.

b) COUNTER ION INDUCED AGGREGATION:

The aggregation of dispersed phase adding counter ion.

Ex: Alginate Nano particles.

2. Dispersion polymerization:

Used for preparation of biodegradable polymers.

Such as Polyacrylamide & Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).

{ PAA / PMMA monomer {Polymerization by

Dissolved in aqueous Phase. } γ – Irradiation.}

( Heat above 65 0C)

Aggregation & molecular weight

Nano particles Precipitation

Oligomer

form

3. Emulsion Polymerization:

Monomer Dissolves Aqs Phase {Presence of Surfactant}

Various Agitation

Nano particles Emulsion Formation

4. Solvent Evaporation Technique:

Drug & polymer Is dissolved in organic solvent.

Emulsified with aq.phase {Surfactant } oil / water Emulsion.

Organic phase evaporated

Nano particles obtained.

5.Salting out Method: Suitable drug & polymers + soluble + Polar solvents.

Distilled water, PVA [polyvinyl acrylate]

Organic solvent

+ Mechanical stirring

Drug polymer

Nano particles obtained .

Acetone/

Ethanol.

Organic

phaseAq.Phase

O/W emulsion

Dist.

water

7.Advanced methods of preparation:

I. Chitosan-Based Nanogel Preparation:

To prepare the chitosan Nanogels were four different compositions of bulk mixing.

Chitosan was dissolved in 1% acetic acid .

Depending on Chitosan was Tri- penta phosphate (TPP) + Sodium alginate was pipetted into the chitosan solution

under vortexing.

8. APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY.

1. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DRUG DELIVERY:

Nanotechnology in drug delivery under development is the use of nanoparticles to deliver drugs to carcinoma cells.

Nano medicine applications in drug delivery introduces many techniques in treatment of cancer, Heart disease, Aging &other areas.

Ex:

• Orthopedic implants or as scaffolds for Tissue Engineered products.

• Endoscopy : Diagnostic procedure .

• Bio Sensors.

Fig: 1 Equipment used to do Endoscopy.

2. NANO VACINES:

Antigens for vaccination .

Nanoparticles are capable of enhancing immunization .

Fig: 2 First Nano Vaccine To Fight For

Cancer

3. NANO TECHNOLOGY IN GENE DELIVERY:

Treatment or prevention of genetic disorders .

Viral vectors, non viral vectors and the direct injection of genetic materials into tissues using so-called gene guns.

Nano particles for delivery of drugs.

Genetic materials.

4. NANOPOWDERS:

Nano powders contain particles < 100nm in size which is 1/10000th thickness of a

human hair.

Fig: 3 Gene gun

5.NANO ROBOTS FOR DIABETES:

Now a days to take the small amount of blood samples in humans so many times.

That process very un comfortable.

So We Use Nano Robots.

Observed glucose monitoring using Nano robots.

Fig: 4 Nano Robot attacking the disease area

6. DENDRIMERS:

Offers controlled delivery and targeting.

Dendrimers are poly amido aminodendrimers,

Tecto Dendrimers,

Multi-lingual ,

Chiral Dendrimers.

These are used in microcapsules, Nanodevices,

liposome's etc.

Dendrimers attacking carcinoma cells.

Fig: 5 Dendrimers attacking cancer

cells

7.NANOSHELLS:

Nano shells have a core of silica and metallic layer.

These Nano shells can be linked to antibodies that can recognize tumour cells (PSMA).

These are fight to cancer cells Using Infrared light.

Ex:

Gold Nano Shells to destruction of Tumour

cells.

Fig :6 Gold Nano

Shells

8.A Nanotech Detectors:

Nano sensors that detect heart attacks before they happen could save both lives and money.

The sensors are now being used for glucose detection in animal studies.

9.Nanotechnology for Biomarkers:

powerful diagnostic methods.

Used as indicators or predictors for nontoxicity.

Ex: B-cell leukemia (BCL-2). Detector.

Fig: 7 Bio markers

Fig.8. In Future medical applied nanotechnology.

8. Conclusion:

Nanotechnology has gained a great deal of public interest due to the wide range of applications of Nano materials in many

areas of human Endeavour's including industry, medicine and public health. In the last decade nanotechnology applications

were introduced in drug delivery methods, biomedical imaging, targeted anticancer pharmaceuticals, biological sensing and

antibiotic carriers.

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