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Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia gravis rehabilitation

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Page 1: Myasthenia gravis rehabilitation

Myasthenia Gravis

Page 2: Myasthenia gravis rehabilitation

Introduction• Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disease that leads to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue

• Caused by a breakdown in the normal communication between nerves and muscles

• There is no cure for myasthenia gravis, but treatment can help relieve signs and symptoms

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Signs and symptoms• Initial complaint is a specific muscle weakness• Extraocular muscle weakness or ptosis• Bulbar muscle weakness is also common, along with weakness of head extension and flexion

• Limb weakness may be more severe proximally than distally

• Weakness is typically least severe in the morning and worsens as the day progresses

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• Weakness is increased by exertion and alleviated by rest

• Weakness progresses from mild to more severe over weeks or months, with exacerbations and remissions

• About 87% of patients have generalized disease within 13 months after onset

• Difficulty breathing, chewing, swallowing

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• Factors that worsen MG symptoms :– Fatigue– Illness– Stress– Extreme heat– Some medications (chloroquine, procaine, lithium, phenytoin, beta-blockers, procainamide, statins)

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Diagnosis• Neurological examination• Edrophonium test• Ice pack test• Blood analysis• Repetitive nerve stimulation• Single-fiber electromyography (EMG)• Pulmonary function tests

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Treatment• Cholinesterase inhibitors• Corticosteroids• Immunosuppressant• Plasmapheresis• Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)• Surgery

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Physical Rehabilitation

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Introduction• MG symptoms tend to progress over time, usually reaching their worst within a few years after the onset of the disease

• Muscle weakness caused by MG worsens as the affected muscles are used repeatedly, therefore symptoms usually improve with rest

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Factors limiting daily physical function in stable MG

• Neuromuscular fatigue• Low CV fitness levels (20% below normal)• Diminished physiological fitness reserve (high energy cost of walking at peak fitness level)

• Percent body fat 2-X normal (45%) and poor fitness contribute to mobility disability

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Reduced daily physical activity =Formula for physical deconditioning

And poor cardiovascular health

Free living daily ambulatory activity levels of 3500 steps/day in MG are comparable to

disabled frail elderly and about 1/3 the level needed to sustain fitness and health

Low energy expenditure of free living daily activity and normal diet = OBESITY

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Potential benefits of physical therapy in MG

• Weight reduction• Decrease in risk of hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol

• Decrease in risk of cardiac diseases• Decrease in risk of osteoporosis• Mood elevation ; improve cognitive function• Enhance baseline functional capacity, improved mechanical efficiency

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Management Strategy• There is a lot of variance between patients with MG• No one exercise program is same and treatment strategies may vary

• Evaluation-– Strength– Flexibility– Mobility– Balance– Gait

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Exercise Goals• Enhance ability to function daily• Decrease risk of falling• Completion of functional tasks and maintenance of independence

• Smoothness and coordination of activities• Once MG is stable, consistent exercise will elevate baseline functional capacity which will diminish the effect of MG exarcebation

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Exercise Considerations• The dollar per day rule• Exercise at the best time of day• Exercise at peak dose of medication (pyridostigmine)

• Exercise large, proximal muscle groups for short periods of time building up only to moderate intensity

• Do not exceed moderate intensity exercise level

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Moderate Exercise Intensity

• HR should not elevate greater than 30 bpm from resting baseline

• Patient should not become short of breath at peak of exercising

• MG symptoms should not become worse during exercise (drooping of eyes)

• Patient should not be tires after 2 hours of exercise• Patient should not have severe residual muscle soreness the day post exercise

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Types of Exercise used in MG• Aerobic Exercises• Strength exercises• Swimming• Postural exercise• Breathing exercise

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• Strength Exercise – – Should be done progressively– Range of motion (flexibility) to light resistance to full resistance

– Start with lower prescription : 3 sets of 5 reps– If significant weakness is present, active assist exercises may be necessary (therapist help)

• The primary goal of therapy is to build the individual's strength to facilitate return to work and activities of daily living

• Do not overdo resistive training to the point of fatigue

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• Swimming– Patients should swim in water where they can touch the bottom

– Deep water is dangerous and may cause patient to over exert

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• Postural Exercises-– Important in assisting with breathing, speaking and swallowing

– Keeps bones and joints in the correct alignment so that muscles are being used properly

– Prevents fatigue because muscles are being used more efficiently, allowing the body to use less energy

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• Breathing exercises -– Help improve lung function– Include inspiratory muscle training• Pursed lip breathing• Diaphragmatic breathing

– These exercises can improve respiratory endurance as many people with MG have affected respiratory muscles

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In myasthenia gravis, good days alternate with bad, and the physical

therapist should modify the rehabilitation program

accordingly

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Reference

• http://www.myastheniagravis.org/• Myasthenia Gravis foundation of America http://www.myasthenia.org/

• http://www.mdguidelines.com/• http://www.pivotalphysio.com/• http://www.livestrong.com/

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