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The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine
1010thth edition editionDavi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 7 Urinary System
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3
Chapter Goals
Name essential organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions.
Identify common pathological conditions.
Recognize how urinalysis is used and interpreted as a diagnostic test.
Define urinary-system-related combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4
Chapter Goals (cont’d)
List and explain clinical procedures, laboratory tests, and abbreviations that pertain to the urinary system.
Understand medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5
Chapter 7 Lesson 7.1
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6
Introduction
Nitrogenous wastes Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7
Introduction (cont’d) Functions of the kidney
Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine; about 200 quarts of blood are filtered every day to form 2 quarts of urine
Maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes (sodium, potassium), and acids
Release hormones:Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood
pressureErythropoietin (EPO): hormone that stimulates red
blood cell production in the bone marrowCalciferol: active form of vitamin D necessary for the
absorption of calcium from the intestine
Degrade and eliminate hormones from the bloodstream
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8
Anatomy of the Major Organs
Organs of the urinary system in a male
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9
Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)Organs of the urinary
system in a male
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10
Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)
Female urinary system
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11
Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)
Female urinary system
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12
QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is voiding?
A. Nitrogenous waste
B. Urination
C. Outer section of the kidney
D. Triangular area in the bladder
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13
How Kidneys Produce Urine
Blood enters the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries
Arterioles carry blood to the capillaries
Glomeruli filter the blood
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d) Blood enters the
kidneys through the right and left renal arteries
Arterioles carry blood to the capillaries
Glomeruli filter the blood
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Blood passes through the glomeruli
Glomerular (Bowman) capsule surrounds each glomerulus
Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule
Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Blood passes through the glomeruli
Glomerular (Bowman) capsule surrounds each glomerulus
Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule
Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Three steps in the formation of urineGlomerular filtrationTubular reabsorptionTubular secretion
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Three steps in the formation of urineGlomerular filtrationTubular reabsorptionTubular secretion
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
The glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
The glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21
QUICK QUIZ:
2. Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney?
A. 100,000,000
B. 10,000,000
C. 1,000,000
D. 100,000
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22
How Kidneys Produce Urine
All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud
Illustration shows section of kidney
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud
Illustration shows section of kidney
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Process of forming and expelling urine
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Process of forming and expelling urine
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26
Vocabulary
arteriole
calyx or calix
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27
Vocabulary (cont’d)
arteriole
calyx or calix
Small artery
Cuplike collecting region of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28
Vocabulary (cont’d)
catheter
cortex
creatinine
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29
Vocabulary (cont’d)
catheter
cortex
creatinine
Tube for injecting or removing fluids
Outer region of an organ
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30
Vocabulary (cont’d)
electrolyte
erythropoietin (EPO)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31
Vocabulary (cont’d)
electrolyte
erythropoietin (EPO)
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water.
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow;
-poietin means a substance that forms.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 32
Vocabulary (cont’d)
filtration
glomerular
capsule
glomerulus
hilum
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 33
Vocabulary (cont’d)
filtration
glomerular
capsule
glomerulus
hilum
Process whereby some substances pass through a filter
Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule
Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney
Depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave; comes from the Latin meaning a small thing
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 34
Vocabulary (cont’d)
kidney
meatus
medulla
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 35
Vocabulary (cont’d)
kidney
meatus
medulla
One of two bean-shaped organs that filter nitrogenous waste from the bloodstream to form urine
Opening or canal
Inner region of an organ; the term comes from the Latin, medulla, meaning marrow
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 36
Vocabulary (cont’d)
nephron
nitrogenous waste
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37
Vocabulary (cont’d)
nephron
nitrogenous waste
The functional unit of the
kidney where filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion
take place
Substance containing nitrogen
and excreted in urine;
examples are urea, uric acid,
and creatinine
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 38
Vocabulary (cont’d)
potassium (K+)
reabsorption
renal artery
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 39
Vocabulary (cont’d)
potassium (K+)
reabsorption
renal artery
An electrolyte regulated by the kidney
Renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 40
Vocabulary (cont’d)
renal pelvis
renal tubules
renal vein
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 41
Vocabulary (cont’d)
renal pelvis
renal tubules
renal vein
Central collection region in the kidney
Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 42
Vocabulary (cont’d)
renin
sodium (Na+)
trigone
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 43
Vocabulary (cont’d)
renin
sodium (Na+)
trigone
Hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure
An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; a common form of sodium is sodium chloride (salt)
Triangular area in the urinary bladder
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 44
Vocabulary (cont’d)
urea
ureter
urethra
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 45
Vocabulary (cont’d)
urea
ureter
urethra
Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
One of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 46
Vocabulary (cont’d)
uric acid
urinary bladder
urination (voiding)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 47
Vocabulary (cont’d)
uric acid
urinary bladder
urination (voiding)
Nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine
Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine
Process of expelling urine; also called micturition
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 48
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary SymptomsSTRUCTURES
cali/o, calic/o _________
cyst/o _________
glomerul/o _________
meat/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 49
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o urinary bladder
glomerul/o glomerulus
meat/o meatus
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 50
STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis
________________
Combining Form Terminology MeaningCombining Form Terminology Meaning
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
Bacterial infections often
cause acute or chronic
cystitis. In acute cystitis, the
bladder contains blood as a
result of mucosal hemorrhage
(see figure, Acute cystitis).
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 51
STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder
Combining Form Terminology MeaningCombining Form Terminology Meaning
Bacterial infections often
cause acute or chronic
cystitis. In acute cystitis, the
bladder contains blood as a
result of mucosal hemorrhage
(see figure, Acute cystitis).
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 52
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES
nephr/o ___________
pyel/o ___________
ren/o ____________
trigon/o ____________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 53
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES
nephr/o kidney
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 54
STRUCTURES
nephr/o hydronephrosis _________________
Combining Form TerminologyCombining Form Terminology MeaningMeaning
Obstruction of urine flow may be
caused by renal calculi (stones) as
shown in the figure. Notice the buildup
of excess fluid in the kidney.
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 55
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES
nephr/o hydronephrosis Condition of excess fluid (water) in the kidney
Combining Form TerminologyCombining Form Terminology MeaningMeaning
Obstruction of urine flow may be
caused by renal calculi (stones) as
shown in the figure. Notice the buildup
of excess fluid in the kidney.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 56
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES
ureter/o __________
urethr/o __________
vesic/o __________
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 57
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES
ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
vesic/o urinary bladder
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 58
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
albumin/o ________
azot/o ________
bacteri/o ________
dips/o ________
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 59
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
albumin/o albumin
azot/o nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
dips/o thirst
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 60
Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
kal/o __________
ket/o, keton/o __________
lith/o __________
natr/o __________
noct/o __________
olig/o ________
Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix Meaning Meaning
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 61
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
kal/o potassium
ket/o, keton/o ketone bodies
lith/o stone
natr/o sodium
noct/o night
olig/o scanty
Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 62
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
-poietin __________
py/o __________
-tripsy __________
ur/o __________
-uria __________
urin/o __________
Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 63
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
-poietin substance that forms
py/o pus
-tripsy to crush
ur/o urea
-uria urination; urine
condition
urin/o urine
Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 64
Urinalysis
Tests included in a urinalysis
1. Color
2. Appearance
3. pH
4. Protein
5. Glucose
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 65
Urinalysis (cont’d)
Tests included in a urinalysis
6. Specific gravity
7. Ketone bodies
8. Sediment
9. Phenylketonuria
10. Bilirubin
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 66
QUICK QUIZ:
3. In a urinalysis, what does the test of specific gravity reflect?
A. The chemical nature of urine
B. The presence of albumin
C. Blood in the urine
D. The amount of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 67
Chapter 7Lesson 7.2
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 68
Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
Glomerulonephritis
Interstitial nephritis
Nephrolithiasis
Nephrotic syndrome
Polycystic kidneys (PKD)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 69
Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
Polycystic
kidney
disease (PKD)
PKD—The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically polycystic kidneys weigh 20 times more than their usual weight.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 70
Pathologic Conditions (cont’d)
Kidney
Pyelonephritis
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal failure
Renal hypertension
Wilms tumor
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 71
Pathologic Conditions (cont'd)
Kidney
Renal cell
carcinoma
(Hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor
of the kidney
in adulthood
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 72
Pathologic Conditions (cont’d)
Urinary bladder
Bladder cancer
Associated conditions
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 73
QUICK QUIZ:
4. A term that means frequent (voluntary) urination at night is:
A. anuria
B. nocturia
C. diuresis
D. hematuria
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 74
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures
Laboratory tests
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Creatinine clearance test
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 75
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical procedures
X-ray Studies CT urography
Kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)
Renal angiography
Retrograde pyelogram (RP)
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 76
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
CT-Computed tomography
The scan with contrast shows a benign cyst on the kidney.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 77
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Voiding cystourethrogram
(VCUG)showing a normal female urethra. The bladder is filled with contrast material, followed by x-ray imaging.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 78
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical procedures
Ultrasound examination Ultrasonography: imaging urinary tract structures
using high frequency sound waves
Radioactive studies Radioisotope scan: image of kidney after injecting a
radioisotope into the bloodstream
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 79
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical procedures
Magnetic imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) urography:
A changing magnetic field produces images of an organ and surrounding structures in three planes of the body
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 80
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Other clinical procedures Cystoscopy Dialysis Lithotripsy Renal angioplasty Renal biopsy Renal transplantation Urinary catheterization
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 81
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Cytoscopy—direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 82
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Hemodialysis (HD)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 83
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 84
Abbreviations
ADH _______________ AKI _______________ ARF _______________ BILI _______________ BUN _______________ Ccr _______________ CAPD _______________ Cath _______________ CCPD _______________ CKD _______________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 85
ADH Antidiuretic hormone ARF Acute renal failure AKI Acute renal injury BILI Bilirubin BUN Blood urea nitrogen Ccr Creatinine clearance CAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis Cath Catheter; catheterization CCPD Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis CKD Chronic kidney disease
Abbreviations (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 86
CL- _____________________ CrCl _____________________
CRF _____________________
C & S _____________________
Cysto _____________________
eGFR _____________________
ESRD _____________________
ESWL _____________________
HCO3- _____________________
HD _____________________
IC _____________________
Abbreviations (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 87
CL- Chloride, a kidney excretion
CrCl Creatinine clearance
CRF Chronic renal failure
C&S Culture and sensitivity testing
Cysto Cystoscopic examination
eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate
ESRD End-stage renal disease ESWL Extracorporeal shockwave lithrotripsy HCO3
- Bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved by the kidney
HD Hemodialysis IC Interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation of the bladder
wall
Abbreviations (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 88
IVP __________________ K+ __________________ KUB __________________ Na+ __________________ PD __________________ pH __________________ PKU __________________ sp gr __________________ UA __________________ UTI __________________ VCUG __________________
Abbreviations (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 89
IVP Intravenous pyelogram K+ Potassium, an electrolyte KUB Kidney ureter and bladder Na+ Sodium, an electrolyte PD Peritoneal dialysis pH Potential hydrogen; degree of acidity or
alkalinity PKU Phenylketonuria sp gr Specific gravity UA Urinalysis UTI Urinary tract infection VCUG Voiding cystourethrogram
Abbreviations (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 90
QUICK QUIZ:
5. The abbreviation RP is associated with which of the following?
A. Fluid is injected into the peritoneal cavity and then drained out.
B. Contrast is injected into the urinary bladder and ureters, and x-rays are
taken of the urinary tract.
C. Nitrogenous wastes are removed from
the patient’s blood.D. An electrolyte is secreted by renal tubules.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 91
Review Sheet Combining forms albumino/o ____________
angi/o ____________
azot/o ____________
bacteri/o ____________
cali/o, calic/o ____________
cyst/o ____________
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 92
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms albumino/o albumin (protein)
angi/o vessel (blood)
azot/o urea; nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o urinary bladder
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 93
dips/o ____________
glomerul/o ____________
glycos/o ____________
hydr/o ____________
isch/o ____________
kal/o ____________
ket/o; keton/o ____________
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 94
dips/o thirst
glomerul/o glomerulus
glycos/o sugar
hydr/o water
isch/o to hold back; back
kal/o potassium
ket/o; keton/o ketones; acetones
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 95
lith/o ____________
meat/o ____________
natr/o ____________
necr/o ____________
nephr/o ____________
noct/o ____________
ogli/o ____________
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 96
lith/o stone
meat/o meatus
natr/o sodium
necr/o death
nephr/o kidney
noct/o night
ogli/o scanty
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 97
py/o __________
pyel/o __________
ren/o __________
trigon/o __________
ur/o __________
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 98
py/o pus
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
ur/o urine; urinary tract
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 99
ureter/o ____________
urethr/o ____________
urin/o ____________
vesic/o ____________
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 100
ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
urin/o urine
vesic/o urinary bladder
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 101
-ectasis ______________
-ectomy ______________
-emia ______________
-esis ______________
-gram ______________
-lithiasis ______________
Review Sheet Suffixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 102
-ectasis stretching; dilation
-ectomy removal; excision
-emia blood condition
-esis condition
-gram record
-lithiasis condition of stones
Review Sheet (cont’d) Suffixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 103
-lithotomy ____________________
-lysis ______________
-megaly ______________
-ole ______________
-osis ______________
-pathy ______________
Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 104
-lithotomy incision for removal of a stone
-lysis breakdown
-megaly enlargement
-ole little; small
-osis condition
-pathy disease
Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 105
-plasty _________________-poietin _______________
-ptosis _______________
-rrhea _______________
-sclerosis _______________
-stomy ___________________
Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 106
-plasty surgical repair
-poietin substance that forms
-ptosis droop; sag
-rrhea flow; discharge
-sclerosis hardening
-stomy new opening (to form a mouth)
Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 107
-tomy _____________-tripsy ___________
-uria ___________
Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 108
-tomy process of cutting
-tripsy to crush
-uria urination
Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 109
a-, an- _____________
anti- _____________
dia- _____________
dys- _____________
Review SheetPrefixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 110
a-, an- not; without
anti- again
dia- complete
dys- bad; painful
Review Sheet (cont’d)Prefixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 111
en- __________
peri- __________
poly- __________
retro- __________
Review Sheet (cont’d)Prefixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 112
en- in; within
peri- surrounding
poly- many, much
retro- behind; back
Review Sheet (cont’d)Prefixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 113
QUICK QUIZ:
6. The combining form dips/o means:
A. stone
B. scanty
C. thirst
D. water
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 114
QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
7. Which combining form means pus?
A. pyel/o
B. lith/o
C. ogli/o
D. py/o
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 115
QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
8. The combining form isch/o means:
A. scanty
B. to hold back; back
C. night
D. trigon