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LipidsLipids
Fats and Oils Fats and Oils
SteroidsSteroids
PhospholipidsPhospholipids
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LipidsLipids
Nonpolar - mostly C, H – like hydrocarbonsNonpolar - mostly C, H – like hydrocarbons
Hydrophobic – don’t dissolve in waterHydrophobic – don’t dissolve in water
Feel slippery/oilyFeel slippery/oily
Some fatty acids are Some fatty acids are ESSENTIALESSENTIAL11
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Fats and Oils are Triglycerides:Fats and Oils are Triglycerides:They are built out of glycerol and fatty acidsThey are built out of glycerol and fatty acids
glycerolglycerol
fatty acid (note hydrocarbon chain fatty acid (note hydrocarbon chain
and functional group –COOH and functional group –COOH
= carboxyl or acid group)= carboxyl or acid group)
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A Monoglyceride FormsA Monoglyceride Forms
glycerol + 1 fatty acid glycerol + 1 fatty acid monoglyceride + water monoglyceride + water
What type of chemical reaction?What type of chemical reaction? Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis
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A Triglyceride FormsA Triglyceride Forms
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TriglyceridesTriglyceridesTypes of Fatty AcidsTypes of Fatty Acids
Fatty acid one is?Fatty acid one is? SaturatedSaturated
Fatty acids 2 and 3 are?Fatty acids 2 and 3 are? UnsaturatedUnsaturated
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TriglyceridesTriglyceridesMUFAs and PUFAsMUFAs and PUFAs
Fatty acid 2 is?Fatty acid 2 is? Monounsaturated Monounsaturated
(MUFA)(MUFA)
Fatty acid 3 is? Fatty acid 3 is? Polyunsaturated Polyunsaturated
(PUFA)(PUFA)
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Trans-Fats are UnhealthyTrans-Fats are Unhealthy
• Trans-fats form when unsaturated fats are partially hydrogenated• They are found in many processed foods• They should be avoided
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Saturated vs. UnsaturatedSaturated vs. Unsaturated
More dense, harderMore dense, harder Butter, tallow, palm & Butter, tallow, palm &
coconut oil, e.g.coconut oil, e.g.
More liquid, less denseMore liquid, less dense Canola, flax, fish oils, Canola, flax, fish oils,
e.g.e.g.
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Essential Fatty Acids…Essential Fatty Acids…
… …are always are always polyunsaturatedpolyunsaturated
… …are are linoleiclinoleic and and linolenic acidlinolenic acid
… …were first found in were first found in linlin (= (= flaxflax) seed oil) seed oil
Flax or lin is the plant that Flax or lin is the plant that supplies us with the fibers supplies us with the fibers for for linenlinen
Flax – The Blue Flower Flax – The Blue Flower of Romanticismof Romanticism
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Essential Fatty AcidsEssential Fatty Acids
polyunsaturatedpolyunsaturated found in:found in:
plant oils plant oils (especially flax seed (especially flax seed (lin), (lin), canola, soycanola, soy
fish oilsfish oils
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Fatty Acid Composition of Oils and Fatty Acid Composition of Oils and FatsFats
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Lipids FunctionLipids Function
In Living ThingsIn Living Things
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Function of LipidsFunction of Lipids
Energy storage, insulation, Energy storage, insulation, shock absorptionshock absorption fats, oilsfats, oils
Protection Protection oils, waxesoils, waxes
Component of cell Component of cell membranes membranes phospholipids, phospholipids,
cholesterolcholesterol
Hormones Hormones sex hormonessex hormones other steroid hormonesother steroid hormones
CarriersCarriers for fat-soluble vitaminsfor fat-soluble vitamins
Provide Flavor Provide Flavor to foodsto foods
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Function of Lipids – Energy Storage Function of Lipids – Energy Storage and Insulationand Insulation
Energy storage Energy storage InsulationInsulation
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Function of Lipids – Shock Function of Lipids – Shock AbsorptionAbsorption
Shock absorptionShock absorption Fat cushions inner Fat cushions inner
organs like kidneysorgans like kidneys When body fat gets too When body fat gets too
low, they are at risklow, they are at risk
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Waxes For Building and CoatingWaxes For Building and Coating
Bee hiveBee hive They also They also
coat (shiny) coat (shiny) leaves, to leaves, to prevent prevent evaporationevaporation
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Cell MembranesCell Membranes
Fatty acids are used to make: Fatty acids are used to make: Phospholipids and CholesterolPhospholipids and Cholesterol
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Phospholipids Build Cell Phospholipids Build Cell MembranesMembranes
Phospholipids build themPhospholipids build them Cholesterol stabilizesCholesterol stabilizes
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PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Depending on Depending on the fatty acids in the fatty acids in the the phospholipids, phospholipids, cell membranes cell membranes will have will have different different properties properties (fluidity e.g.)(fluidity e.g.)
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Phospholipids form Membrane Phospholipids form Membrane BilayersBilayers
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Cell MembraneCell Membrane
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All cell membranesAll cell membranes in all cells in all cells
and around and around all cell organellesall cell organelles are are
made from made from phospholipidsphospholipids
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Sidebar: LiposomesSidebar: Liposomes
Sources:Sources: www.happi.com/special/ jan011.htm
www.gilead.com/wt/tert/ liposome_tech
Liposomes are spherical envelopes created by mixing phospholipids and cholesterol.
Liposomes can be used for targeted delivery of drugs and cosmetics to cells
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Carriers for Fat-Soluble VitaminsCarriers for Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) can only be absorbed when Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) can only be absorbed when consumed with fats/oils.consumed with fats/oils.
These vitamins from salads are significantly better absorbed These vitamins from salads are significantly better absorbed when the dressing contains oil.when the dressing contains oil. Salad dressings can contain the fats we need, in their best form: rawSalad dressings can contain the fats we need, in their best form: raw Conclusion: Fat-free dressings are a stupid inventionConclusion: Fat-free dressings are a stupid invention If you are getting too many calories it is better to cut calories If you are getting too many calories it is better to cut calories
elsewhere.elsewhere.
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Which is the fattiest Which is the fattiest organ of your body?organ of your body?
Your brain!Your brain!
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The Brain Is Your Fattiest OrganThe Brain Is Your Fattiest Organ It is ~60% fatIt is ~60% fat DHA (ω 3) = 1/3 of the DHA (ω 3) = 1/3 of the
brain’s gray matter (that’s brain’s gray matter (that’s what you think with), what you think with), needed for:needed for: nervous system nervous system retina ( eyes)retina ( eyes)
DHA links: DHA links: plant oils, , fish oil,
Fatty membrane layers(phospholipids), long, flat cells wrapped around axon
Neurons – nerve cells
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Essential Fatty AcidsEssential Fatty Acids
Many preemies, fed on Many preemies, fed on formula, ended up with formula, ended up with visual problems, until we visual problems, until we discovered this:discovered this:
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid DHA (docosahexaenoic acid - ω 3) and- ω 3) and
ARA (arachidonic acid - ω ARA (arachidonic acid - ω 6) are essential fatty acids 6) are essential fatty acids necessary for proper brain necessary for proper brain and eye development of 3and eye development of 3rdrd trimester infantstrimester infants
See also : Formula Additives Boost Small Children's Intelligence In Study
Lipid Hormones Lipid Hormones
Sex and other hormonesSex and other hormones
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Sex Hormones are LipidsSex Hormones are Lipids
50+ steroid hormones are made from 50+ steroid hormones are made from cholesterolcholesterol
Not all areNot all are
sex hormonessex hormones
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““Male” and “Female” Sex HormonesMale” and “Female” Sex Hormones
Hormone Production Pathways • “In the body, testosterone and
some other steroids are made from cholesterol (not always a bad guy) through a sequence of chemical reactions.
• The chemical names next to the arrows are enzymes that catalyze the indicated reaction.
• Note that testosterone is produced from one female hormone (progesterone) and is the precursor to another (estradiol).”
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Sex HormonesSex Hormones
Fat cells produce the enzyme aromatase, Fat cells produce the enzyme aromatase, which converts testosterone to estrogen:which converts testosterone to estrogen:
testosterone testosterone aromatase aromatase estrogen estrogen This may have a feminizing effect on fat men.This may have a feminizing effect on fat men. Some of these men actually grow breasts that Some of these men actually grow breasts that
produce milk.produce milk.
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Cholesterol Cholesterol Vitamin D Vitamin D
in skin cells
UV
With enough sun exposure, vitamin D becomes non-essentialWith enough sun exposure, vitamin D becomes non-essential
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Sidebar: Bone DensitySidebar: Bone Density
50% out of 100,000 50% out of 100,000 women with hip women with hip fractures due to fractures due to osteoporosis never get osteoporosis never get back on their feetback on their feet
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OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
Source and more info:http://www.mrc-hnr.cam.ac.uk/research/bone_health/bone_health.html
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When is the Best Time to Increase When is the Best Time to Increase Peak Bone Mass?Peak Bone Mass?
____________risk zone
See See which sport which sport enhances bone enhances bone density in which density in which part of the body:part of the body:
This is a is a great site on great site on bone healthbone health
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Factors in Bone DensityFactors in Bone Density
NutritionalNutritional calcium (take Ca: Mg in 2:1 calcium (take Ca: Mg in 2:1
ratio)ratio) vitamin D (sun exposure)vitamin D (sun exposure) vitamin Kvitamin K2 (2 (menaquinone))
vitamin C vitamin C boron (?)boron (?) silica (?)silica (?) essential fatty acidsessential fatty acids
OtherOther exercise (weight bearing)exercise (weight bearing) sun exposuresun exposure estrogen (requires proper estrogen (requires proper
essential fatty acid intake)essential fatty acid intake)
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Bone HealthBone Health
See which sport enhances bone density in See which sport enhances bone density in which part of the bodywhich part of the body
This is a great site on bone health is a great site on bone health
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Sources of Calcium and Vitamin KSources of Calcium and Vitamin K
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Lipid RequirementsLipid Requirements
Which lipids do we need?Which lipids do we need? Essential, unsaturated fatty Essential, unsaturated fatty
acidsacids
How much should we get?How much should we get? 20 -35 % of total calories 20 -35 % of total calories
consumed should be from consumed should be from fatsfats
Max. 1/3 of total fat calories Max. 1/3 of total fat calories (=1/10 of total calories) (=1/10 of total calories) from saturated FAsfrom saturated FAs
2/3 from unsaturated fats 2/3 from unsaturated fats (MUFA and PUFA)(MUFA and PUFA)
5 MUFA : 1 PUFA5 MUFA : 1 PUFA 4 4 ωω ((omega)omega)6 : 1 6 : 1 ωω33
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Fish Oils and HealthFish Oils and Health
For a meat-eating man, replacing 1 For a meat-eating man, replacing 1 meat meal a week with a fish meal meat meal a week with a fish meal
reduces his chance of stroke by 20%reduces his chance of stroke by 20%
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Should You Eat Fish Caught in the Should You Eat Fish Caught in the Waters Around New York City?Waters Around New York City?
See next page or click here for Dept. of Health InfoSee next page or click here for Dept. of Health Info
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Wave of Fish Advisories Wave of Fish Advisories New figures released by the U.S. EPA show that New figures released by the U.S. EPA show that 35% of lake35% of lake
acreage in the United States and acreage in the United States and 24% of river24% of river miles miles contain contain enough pollution to warrant consumption advisories for enough pollution to warrant consumption advisories for fishfish caught in those waters. caught in those waters.
The advisories cover some The advisories cover some 40 different substances40 different substances; 98% of ; 98% of them involve them involve PCBs, chlordane, dioxins, DDT, or mercuryPCBs, chlordane, dioxins, DDT, or mercury. .
Though the number of advisories rose from 2,814 in 2002 to Though the number of advisories rose from 2,814 in 2002 to 3,094 in 2003, EPA administrator Mike Leavitt attributed that 3,094 in 2003, EPA administrator Mike Leavitt attributed that increase to more monitoring rather than an increase in increase to more monitoring rather than an increase in pollution. ..pollution. ..11
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2003 –Advisories for 86 Water 2003 –Advisories for 86 Water BodiesBodies
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SamplSample Pagee Page
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Sad - The Skinny On The Fish OilSad - The Skinny On The Fish Oil11
What the Government Recommends for Fish What the Government Recommends for Fish You CatchYou Catch
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Should You Still Eat Fish? Should You Still Eat Fish?
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Find Fish that Are Safe to EatFind Fish that Are Safe to Eat
Click here for lists of mercury contents in fishClick here for lists of mercury contents in fish The figures on these lists apply to wild The figures on these lists apply to wild
salmon. Also, tuna has since been added to the salmon. Also, tuna has since been added to the high mercury list.high mercury list.
The authors of one study on contaminants in farmed salmon The authors of one study on contaminants in farmed salmon conclude that, because of chemical contaminants, farmed conclude that, because of chemical contaminants, farmed salmon should not be eaten more often than 0.25 to 1 times per salmon should not be eaten more often than 0.25 to 1 times per month, but see next pagemonth, but see next page
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Mercury in FishMercury in Fish What Women Should Know About Mercury In Fish What Women Should Know About Mercury In Fish
Avoid If PregnantAvoid If Pregnant SharkShark
SwordfishSwordfishKing mackerelKing mackerelTilefishTilefishTuna steaksTuna steaksCanned tunaCanned tunaSea bassSea bassGulf Coast OystersGulf Coast OystersMarlinMarlinHalibutHalibutPikePikeWalleyeWalleyeWhite croakerWhite croakerLargemouth bass Largemouth bass
Data From The 1970s Show High ConcentrationsData From The 1970s Show High Concentrations (No Recent Data Available)(No Recent Data Available)
PorgyPorgyOrange RoughyOrange RoughySnapperSnapperLake TroutLake TroutBluefishBluefishBonitoBonitoRockfish Rockfish
Eat No More Than One Serving From This List Per Eat No More Than One Serving From This List Per MonthMonth
Mahi mahiMahi mahiBlue musselBlue musselEastern oysterEastern oysterCodCodPollockPollockGreat Lakes salmonGreat Lakes salmonGulf Coast blue crabGulf Coast blue crabChannel catfish (wild)Channel catfish (wild)Lake whitefish Lake whitefish
Lowest In MercuryLowest In Mercury Blue crab (mid-Atlantic)Blue crab (mid-Atlantic)
CroakerCroakerFish SticksFish SticksFlounder (summer)Flounder (summer)HaddockHaddockTrout (farmed)Trout (farmed)Salmon (wild Pacific)Salmon (wild Pacific)Shrimp * Shrimp *
* * Shrimp fishing and farming practices have raised Shrimp fishing and farming practices have raised serious environmental concerns.serious environmental concerns.** ** Farmed catfish have low mercury levels but may Farmed catfish have low mercury levels but may contain PCBs in amounts of concern for pregnant contain PCBs in amounts of concern for pregnant women.women.
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The Environmental Working The Environmental Working Group’sGroup’s
Tuna CalculatorTuna Calculator
Click here to find out how much tuna a week Click here to find out how much tuna a week you can safely eatyou can safely eat
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Risk-Benefit Analysis of Eating Risk-Benefit Analysis of Eating Farmed SalmonFarmed Salmon
The effects were estimated for the European Economic Area countries The effects were estimated for the European Economic Area countries (population 387 million). (population 387 million).
Here are the estimates:Here are the estimates:
In a population of 387 million (Europe) In a population of 387 million (Europe) Estimated Resulting Estimated Resulting Change in Deaths per Change in Deaths per Year Year
Excess cancer mortality due to pollutants in Excess cancer mortality due to pollutants in farmed salmonfarmed salmon
+ 210+ 210
The number of cancer deaths that could be The number of cancer deaths that could be prevented by the restrictive recommendation on prevented by the restrictive recommendation on farmed salmon use to 1 meal/monthfarmed salmon use to 1 meal/month
+ 40+ 40
Lost net health effect (cancer and cardiac deaths Lost net health effect (cancer and cardiac deaths combined) of unrestricted salmon consumptioncombined) of unrestricted salmon consumption
- 5200- 5200
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Yes !!! But …Yes !!! But …
The EPA’s advisories for pregnant and The EPA’s advisories for pregnant and breastfeeding womenbreastfeeding women
This site has lots of info regarding breast-feeding, go to the This site has lots of info regarding breast-feeding, go to the reference articles on the bottomreference articles on the bottom
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ωω 3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA) vs. 3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA) vs.
methylmercury (MeHg) contents in fishmethylmercury (MeHg) contents in fish
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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1.2
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Last Not Least - ???Last Not Least - ???
The major changes in The major changes in the essential fatty acid the essential fatty acid composition of the food composition of the food supply, including supply, including increased availability of increased availability of the omega-6 linoleic the omega-6 linoleic acid, may be correlated acid, may be correlated not only with increased not only with increased risks of homicide, but risks of homicide, but also increased risks of also increased risks of suicide and suboptimal suicide and suboptimal social cohesion.social cohesion.
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BioaccumulationBioaccumulationsee also see also Ecology Ecology
Toxic mud:Toxic mud: The Hudson River, a The Hudson River, a
Superfund SiteSuperfund Site
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The EndThe End
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