Upload
coleen-gatus
View
13
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Learning
Learning refers to any relatively permanent change in behavior which occurs as a result of practice or experience.
Learning is a change in behavior, for better or for worse.
It is a change that takes place through practice or experience. (growth, maturation, injury)
The change must be relatively permanent. (fatigue, diseases, drugs, hunger, thirst)
Classical Conditioning
Ivan PavlovA type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.
John Watson - Little Albert
VariablesNeutral stimulus - a stimulus that, before
conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
Unconditioned stimulus - a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
Unconditioned response - a response that is natural and needs no training
Conditioned stimulus - a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response - a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
A. Before conditioningbell (NS) pricking of ears
food (US) salivation (UR)
B. During Conditioningbell (NS) + food (US) salivation (UR)
C. After Conditioning bell(CS) salivation (CR)
Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior
DentistMcDonaldsPhobia - irrational fearsPosttraumatic Disorders of veterans
Perfumes
Extinction
A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.
Examples: you stop putting coins in a damaged pop machine, stop writing with a pen once runs out of ink, stop texting a friend who never answers, attention to a crying child
Spontaneous Recovery
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.
Extinction Burstinitial increase in the response rate and
magnitude or intensity, especially if that response has an emotional or aggressive component
Example: drug addiction, crying to get attention
Generalization and Discrimination
Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response follows a
stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus; the more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur
Examples: bell and buzzer, red lights (size, shape, shade)
Stimulus discriminationthe process that occurs if two stimuli are
sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli
Examples: two teachers, growling dog and wagging of tail, smile and frown
Operant Conditioning
Law of EffectEdward Lee Thorndikepuzzle box for a catresponses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
example, class recitation
Operant Conditioning
BF SkinnerSkinner Box - learn to obtain food by
operating on their environment within the box
Laboratory rats Learning in which a voluntary
response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.
Reinforcement: The Central Concept of Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement - the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
Reinforcer - any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again
Primary reinforcer - satisfies some biological needs and works naturally
Secondary reinforcer - a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer
Positive Reinforcementreinforcement by the
presentation of a reinforcerpositive reinforcer - a stimulus
added that brings about an increase in a preceding response
Negative Reinforcement reinforcement by the removal of an
aversive conditionnegative reinforcer - unpleasant
stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future
Punishmenta stimulus that decreases the
probability that a prior behavior will occur again
Positive punishmentweakens a response through the
application of an unpleasant stimulus
Negative punishment (Penalty)removal of something pleasant
(penalty)
Shaping
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Examples: helping a mental hospital resident to speak again, teaching a child with autism to play basketball
Behavior Modification
A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
ReinforcementPunishmentExtinctionShapingPenalty
Behavior ContractingToken economyTime-outOvercorrection/
Flooding Reprimands
Cognitive Learning Theory
An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.Latent LearningObservational LearningInsight Learning
Latent Learning
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.
It is said to occur but is not shown in behavior immediately, until later, when conditions for its emergence are favorable.
Behavior of rats in a maze (control and experimental group)
Lessons in schoolFailures in love
Observational LearningLearning by observing the behavior of another
person, or model.Albert Banduraoften referred to as social cognitive approach
to learningBobo doll (children and an adult)
Four processes in Observational Learning:1.Attention 2.Retention3.Motor Reproduction4.Motivation
Insight LearningSultan the chimpanzee and the bananaWolfgang KohlerSudden appearance of a solution to a problem; AHA
experience; restructuring a perceptual world into a new pattern
A Catholic man who lived in a small town married twenty different women in that same town. All of them are still living, and he never divorced any of them. Yet he broke no laws. How could she do this?