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The Human Body: Anatomical Regions, Directions, and Body
Cavities
Lab 1
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• AnatomyAnatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another– Gross or macroscopic– Microscopic– Developmental
• PhysiologyPhysiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
Gross Anatomy
• RegionalRegional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
• SystemicSystemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system
• SurfaceSurface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
Microscopic Anatomy
• CytologyCytology – study of the cell
• HistologyHistology – study of tissues
Developmental Anatomy
• Traces structural changes throughout life
• EmbryologyEmbryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth
Specialized Branches of Anatomy
• Pathological anatomyPathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease
• Radiographic anatomyRadiographic anatomy – study of internal structures visualized by X ray
• Molecular biologyMolecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level
Physiology
• Considers the operation of specific Considers the operation of specific organ systemsorgan systems– Renal – kidney function– Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous
system– Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and
blood vessels
• Focuses on the functions of the body, Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular leveloften at the cellular or molecular level
Physiology
• Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement
Principle of Complementarity
• Function always reflects structure
• What a structure can do depends on its specific form
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules
1
2
3
4
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells
5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues
6 Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems
Atoms
Molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization• ChemicalChemical – atoms combined to form molecules
• CellularCellular – cells are made of molecules
• TissueTissue – consists of similar types of cells
• OrganOrgan – made up of different types of tissues
• Organ systemOrgan system – consists of different organs that work closely together
• OrganismalOrganismal – made up of the organ systems
Homeostasis
• HomeostasisHomeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
• The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibriuma dynamic state of equilibrium
• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
Homeostatic Imbalance
• Disturbance of homeostasis or the Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibriumbody’s normal equilibrium
• Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over
Anatomical Position
• Body erect
• Feet slightly apart
• Palms facing forward
• Thumbs point away from body
Figure 1.7a
Directional Terms
• Superior and inferiorSuperior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively
• Anterior and posteriorAnterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body
• Medial, lateral, and intermediateMedial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure
Directional Terms
• Proximal and distalProximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body
• Superficial and deepSuperficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface
Directional Terms Table 1.1
Directional Terms Table 1.1
Regional Terms: Anterior View
• AxialAxial – head, neck, and trunk
• AppendicularAppendicular – appendages or limbs
• Specific Specific regional regional terminologyterminology
Figure 1.7a
Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
Body Planes
• SagittalSagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
• Midsagittal or medialMidsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline
• Frontal or coronalFrontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
• Transverse or horizontalTransverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
• Oblique sectionOblique section – cuts made diagonally
Body Planes Figure 1.8
Anatomical Variability
• Humans vary slightly in both external Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomyand internal anatomy
• Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but:
– Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place
– Small muscles may be missing
• Extreme anatomical variations are Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seenseldom seen
Body Cavities
Figure 1.9a
Body Cavities
• Dorsal cavityDorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions
– Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain
– Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord
• Ventral cavityVentral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities
Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b
Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
– Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
– Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
– Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
Body Cavities• The abdominopelvic cavity is separated The abdominopelvic cavity is separated
from the superior thoracic cavity by the from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragmdome-shaped diaphragm
• It is composed of two subdivisions
– Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
– Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
• Parietal serosaParietal serosa lines internal body walls
• Visceral serosaVisceral serosa covers the internal organs
• Serous fluid separates the serosae
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10a
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10b
Other Body Cavities
• Oral and digestiveOral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
• NasalNasal –located within and posterior to the nose
• OrbitalOrbital – house the eyes
• Middle earMiddle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
• SynovialSynovial – joint cavities
Abdominopelvic Regions
• Umbilical
• Epigastric
• Hypogastric
• Right and left iliac or inguinal
• Right and left lumbar
• Right and left hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a
Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
• Right upper (RUQ)
• Left upper (LUQ)
• Right lower (RLQ)
• Left lower (LLQ)
Figure 1.12
Assigments• Study and answer the exercises of
Chapter 1 ( Lab Manual Marieb)• Review sheet Exercise 1 (pags 513 - 517)
Remember!!!!!!!
• Next week Quiz #1