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KETOSIS IN BOVINES AND ITS MANAGEMENT
SYNONYM: ACETONEMIA IN CATTLE PREGNANCY TOXEMIA OR TWIN LAMB DISEASE IN SHEEP
DIGESTIVE METABOLISM STARCH CELLULOSE FRUCTOSANS HEMICELLULOSE PECTIN GLUCOSE XYLOSE PYRUVATE
ACETYL CoA LACTATE OXALOACETATE
ACETOACETATE
BHB
ACETATE PROPIONATE
BUTYRATE
ETIOLOGY MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER OF ENERGY METABOLISM COMMON IN HIGHLY PRODUCING COWS IN POST-CALVING
PERIOD OR EARLY LACTATTION DIET INADEQUATE IN CHO LIKE MORE OF STRAW HIGH PROTIEN DIET AND EXSCLESCESS CONCENTRATES
LEAD TO GREATER PRODUCTION OF BUTYRIC ACID IN RUMEN.
LACK OF EXERCISE ALSO PREDISPOSE TO KETOSIS DUE TO POOR OXIDATION OF KETONE BODIES BY CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLES.
HYPOTHYROIDISM : THYROID GLAND MAINTAINS BMR AND GLUCONEOGENESIS.THUS HYPOTHYROIDISM ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO KETOSIS
CONTD… ADRENO-CORTICO INSUFICIENCY:Stress prevailing during pregnancy and
parturition leads to overactivity of adrenal cortex which soon become exhausted .So,in absence of cortisone there is reduced gluconeogenesis.
LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE:Result in decreased insulin secretion and inc
glucagon secretion.
Low insulin:glucagon ratio induce lipolysis in adipose tissue and ketogenesis in liver
CONTD… HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY: As liver is involved in gluconeogenesis,so in
HI hypoglycemia results leading to ketosis. LOSS OF APPETITE NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY
PRECURSORS OF GLUCOSE
PROPIONIC ACID
(major)AMINO
ACIDS(major)
GLYCEROL
LACTIC ACID
FORMATION OF KETONE BODIES Fatty acid Stored in liver Beta oxidation slowly result in Fatty liver
Acetyl CoA enter Acetyl CoA TCA to produce energy used for
ketogenesis if partially ox idised
TYPES OF BOVINE KETOSIS
PRIMARY SECONDARY
ALIMENTARY STARVATION
NUTRITIONAL DEFECIENCY
PRIMARY KETOSIS
It occurs in cows in good body condition and are fed diet defecient in glucose precursors
SECONDARY KETOSIS This occur when other diseases decrease the
feed intake such as: ABOMASAL DISPLACMENT METRITIS TRAUMATIC RETICULITIS
ALIMENTARY KETOSIS It occurs due to excessive amount of butyrate
in silage . Also because of this the palatability of feed is
reduced.
STARVATION KETOSIS Occur in cattle which are in poor body
condition and fed poor quality feed. There is defeciency of glucose and
hence energy which result in shift of metabolism from CHO to fat.
KETOSIS DUE TO NUTRITIONAL DEFECIENCY Some dietry defeciency of cobalt also lead to
ketosis. It is due to failure to metabolise propionic
acid via TCAcycle.
CLINICAL FINDINGS WASTING FORM 95% Most common form seen Body weight loss rapidly WOODY APPEARANCE due to loss of sub cut
fat and cutaneous elasticity. Characteristic odour of ketone in breath and
milk. Fall in milk yield without treatment
CONTD… NERVOUS FORM <5% Nervous signs occur in short episodes Walking in circles Apparent blindness Chewing movements with salivation Head pushingThese signs which occur in some cases are
being said due to production of isopropyl alcohol,breakdown product of aceto acetic acid in rumen
CLINICAL PATHOLOGYHypoglycemi
a
Ketonemia
Ketonuria
CONTD…LEVEL OF KETONE BODIES
NORMALKETOSIS
BLOOD MILK URINENORMAL 10mg/dl 3mg/dl 10-70mg/dlKETOSIS 80mg/dl 40mg/dl 80-
130mg/dl
DIAGNOSIS History,clinical signs,biochemical test
COW-SIDE TEST Ketone bodies should be demonstrated
in urine or milk. Based on rxn with sodium nitroprusside and the resultant colour change
TREATMENT 50% glucose@ 1.5ml/kg bwt GLUCOSE PRECURSORSPropylene glycol 200ml for 2days followed by 100ml for next 100 daysSodium lactate @1kg initially followed by .5kg daily for 7 days HORMONAL TREATMENTCorticosteroids like betamethasone,dexamethasone 30mg i/m as a single
dosePrednisolone 5-10 ml Triamcenolone acetate 1ml/100 kg i/mInsulin therapy (20-40 units along with glucose) every other day x 3
daysCobalt @100mg daily for 4 daysLIVER TONIC @5-10 ML i/m alternate days 3 injANTILIPOLYTIC SUBSTANCESCholine,methionine ,niacin
PREVENTION Pregnant cows should not be starved. Supplement animal with Na propionate@100gm
daily for 3 weeks Monensin Hcl may be fed as it increases propionatelevel over acetate . Molasses feeding helpful Routine milk and urine examination for presence of
ketone bodies during 50- 60 days of pregnancy In diet Co,P should be included Provide balanced ration