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AWP 2010, Portland, OR
Conceptualization of Insomnia
A Holistic Approach to Insomnia
Sovann Pen,
MA, Counseling
Kaiser Insomnia Clinic
The Importance of Sleep• Sleep is vital to our health and well being. • National Sleep Foundation reveal that 60 percent of adults report
having sleep problems a few nights a week or more. • In addition, more than 40 percent of adults experience daytime
sleepiness severe enough to interfere with their daily activities at least a few days each month - with 20 percent reporting problem sleepiness a few days a week or more.
• At least 40 million Americans suffer from sleep disorders, yet more than 60 percent of adults have never been asked about the quality of their sleep by a physician and fewer than 20 percent ever initiated a discussion.
• Poor sleep has a price. • Millions of individuals struggle to stay alert at home, in school, on the
job - and on the road. Tragically, fatigue contributes to more than 100,000 police-reported highway crashes, causing 71,000 injuries and 1,500 deaths each year in the United States alone.
Insomnia
Insomnia is defined as difficulty initiating sleep, maintaining sleep, final awakenings that occur much earlier than desired or sleep that is non-restorative and of poor quality and results in impairment in daytime function.
Epworth Sleepiness Scale• Use the following scale to choose the most appropriate number for each
situation: 0 = no chance of dozing
• 1 = slight chance of dozing• 2 = moderate chance of dozing• 3 = high chance of dozing
• Sitting and reading____________• Watching TV____________• Sitting inactive in a public place (e.g a theater or a meeting)____________• As a passenger in a car for an hour without a break____________• Lying down to rest in the afternoon when circumstances permit____________• Sitting and talking to someone____________• Sitting quietly after a lunch without alcohol____________• In a car, while stopped for a few minutes in traffic____________
Insomnia is MessyInsomnia is MessyInsomnia is MessyInsomnia is Messy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Chicken or the Egg?
Sleep-interfering process
Spielman Model
Insomnia over time
• Premorbid• Acute• Short-term • Chronic
• How long?• What triggered/started the problem?
Predisposing Factors
• Genetic• Biological • Psychological• Social
Genetic Factors
• Co-morbidities• Medical• Sleep Disorders• Mood Disorders
Biological
• Hyperarousal• Hyperactivity (ADD/ADHD)• Startle• Physical tension
Psychological
• Personality: Worry, rumination• Type-A; driven, determined• Cognitive style: analytical, problem-
solver
Psychological cont.
• Compassionate, co-dependent, sympathetic/empathetic
• Creatives• Perfectionism
Social
• Living situation• Significant other• Family of Origin
Precipitating Factors
• Medical• Life Stressors• Negative changes • Positive changes• Women • Men• Shiftwork
Negative changes
• Illness• Conflict• Job stress• Financial• Unemployment• Abuse• Divorce
Positive changes
• Retirement• Marriage• Moving• Work• Vacation• Travel
Spielman Model
Perpetuating Factors
• Compensatory strategy• Counter Fatigue measures/ Stimulants• Rituals and Strategies• Self-medication
• Pain and Sleep• Stress and Pain• Stress and Sleep• Sleep and Mood• Mood and motivation• Mood and activity• Activity and weight• Caffeine and Sleep
Compensatory strategy
• Go to bed early “Give myself more of a chance to get
some sleep”• Sleep in (wake up later) “Catch up” “Only chance I have to sleep”• Napping
• Cons: Deprimes sleep homeostat. Dysregulation of circadian rhythm
Erratic sleeping patterns
• Your bedtime varies greatly depending on your mood, favorite television program, or the day of the week.
• This sends confusing messages to the sleep-regulating centers of your brain—a guarantee for all kinds of problems with sleep.
Counter Fatigue measures/ Stimulants
• Increased use • Inappropriately-timed • Avoid or decrease physical activity
• Cons: arousal, mood, conditioning
Rituals and Strategies
• Increase in non-sleep in bedroom and bed
• Sleep in other places• “Rituals” for sleep• Avoidance of behaviors thought to
inhibit sleep
• Cons: lack of stimulus control, dependence, anticipatory anxiety
Dysfunctional Beliefs
• Rewards and reinforcement• Forcing the issue• Catastrophic thinking• Rigid expectations
• I think, therefore I …
Cognitive vs Somatic Lichstein & Rosenthal 1980
• Cognitive arousal 10x more likely to be cited as major cause than somatic arousal
Unwanted intrusive thoughts
• Worry or Cognitive arousal• Most Common - Racing thoughts• “I am unable to empty my mind”• “I can’t turn off my mind”• “My mind keeps turning things over”
Pre-sleep stress/cognitive activity
• Hall, et al 1996 • Wicklow & Espie 2000
• Good sleepers threatened with making a speech
• Increased sleep latency
WHAT ARE YOU THINKING?Watts, Coyle, East 1994
• Mental activity and rehearsal• Thoughts about sleep• Family and long-term concerns• Positive plans and concerns• Somatic preoccupations• Work and recent concerns
Affect-laden thoughts
Vicious cycle (again)
AnticipationPerformance AnxietyArousal
Similar to Panic Disorder
Start to dread, avoid bed and bedtime
Perception of sleep (memory)
• Subjective vs Objective Measures
• Overestimate sleep latency• Underestimate Total Sleep Time (TST)• Underestimate number of awakenings
Neitzer, Semler and Harvey
• Positive and Negative Feedback study
• Negative feedback increased: negative thoughts, sleepiness, monitoring sleep-threat and safety behaviors the next day.
Mendelson 1990
• Another key study applying to use of benzodiazepines
• Objectively: benzos decrease SWS
• Subjectively: report better sleep with benzos
Attention
Insomniacs more aware of: • body sensations• environment• clock• needing to use the bathroom• mood• performance: attention, memory,
concentration failing
Worry about negative consequences of poor sleep
• Catastrophizing / awfulizing• Negative prediction
Similar to Cognitive Distortions from standard CBT –
“All-or-nothing” “Black-and-white” thinking
Unhelpful beliefs in Maintenance of insomnia
• Morin 1993
• Less Realistic about sleep required
• Strongly endorse – negative consequences of insomnia
• More likely to attribute insomnia to external and stable causes
Rewards and reinforcement
• By rewarding yourself with your favorite foods, beverages, or drug of choice when you can’t sleep, you ensure future nights of insomnia. The pleasure centers of your brain have great recall for this type of behavior. They will continue to awaken you to receive more of the same—night after night, after night, after night.
Forcing the issue
• When unable to fall asleep, you try to force sleep to happen with statements such as, “I must get to sleep right now,” or “If I can't get to sleep, I'll just have to force myself to stay in bed until I get to sleep.”
• Creating this negative association with sleep will lead only to frustration.
Harvey 2003b
• Attempts to stop, modify, suppress cognitive arousal may be counter productive
• Other options (discuss cognitive restructuring later)
• Suppress, distract (math problem study, TV, sheep), neutralizing, appraisal, punishment and worry
Catastrophic thinking
• Being unable to sleep, you predict that tomorrow will be a disaster.
• You tell yourself things such as, “I won't be able to function at all tomorrow if I don't get to sleep.”
• This type of thinking creates so much anxiety that you will most likely not be able to return to sleep.
Rigid expectations
• You believe that sleep is dependent on rigidly imposed expectations. You create a flexible work schedule that permits you to sleep in, expect a 100-percent quiet sleep environment, and strive for a stress-free life.
• If for some reason you cannot meet these conditions, you begin to worry that you will not be able to sleep.
Self-medication
• Alcohol• Marijuana• OCT – [Benadryl, Nyquil, Unisom,
Tylenol PM]• Melatonin as hypnotic
• Cons: REM-supression, fragmentation, withdrawal, rebound insomnia, dependence, circadian rhythm shift
Medication dependence
• You take a nightly sleeping pill “just in case”—without first determining whether you really need it.
• After a few weeks of this, you can lose confidence in your ability to sleep without the pill, creating the perfect set-up for a pattern of medication dependence.
Chronic, perpetual problems
• Pain, disability• Are you managing or coping as best as
you can?• Resources, trying new ways or
approaches, support group• Mood: Depression and Bipolar D/o
• Mental Disorders• Pain• Hormone: menopause,
hyperthyroidism• Medication• Neurological• Medical
Organic disorders
• Similar symptoms of primary or psychophysiologic insomnia
• Delayed Sleep Onset• Sleep maintenance, early awakening.• “Light” sleep• Frequent awakenings• Non-restorative sleep
Sleep-Disordered Breathing - SDB
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea• Central Sleep Apnea• Mixed Apnea• Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome• Hyponea• Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
Symptoms
• Snoring• Apnea: snort, gasp, choke, pause, puff• Dry throat/dry mouth• Heart racing• Shortness of breath• Headache• Numbness/tingling in limbs• Muscle pain/soreness• GERD
Risks
• Daytime impairment, sleepiness
• Heart Disease• Hypertension• Diabetes• Stroke
Limb movement Disorders
Restless Leg Syndrome
• Do you feel a strong desire to move your legs from time to time, often when they make you uncomfortable?
• Do those sensations in your legs occur or get stronger when you are inactive?
• Does moving around or stretching help ease those uncomfortable sensations in your legs?
• Do those uncomfortable sensations feel their worst at night?
Other RLS symptoms
• Burning• Creeping• Crawling• Aching• Tingling• Itching • Tugging
Periodic Limb Movement Syndrome
• PLMS• Prevalence of PLMS seems to increase with
age. • 45% elderly adults aged 65 years and older
had PLMS, compared to 5% to 6% of the younger adult population.
• 80% of those with RLS also had PLMS. • • Rule out SDB
Parasomnias
• Nightmare disorder • Sleep terror disorder • Sleepwalking disorder • Sleep talking• REM-Behavior disorder• Bruxism
Confusional arousals
• Arousals during REM
• Vs sleep talking
Narcolepsy
• Cataplexy: a sudden loss of muscle tone while in a conscious state
• Hallucination• Sleep paralysis
AWP 2010, Portland, OR
Hex of Insomnia
homeostat
arou
sal
life style
rhythm
associa
t
ions
beliefs
Circadian Rhythm Biology
Normal Sleep Pattern
Monday Morning Blues
Delayed Sleep-Phase Disorder
DSPS
• “Night Owl”• Teens• Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Jet Lag/Shift Work
Advanced Sleep-Phase Disorder
Entrainment Zeitgerbers
• How to reset your body clock every day?
• Retrain your body:• Daytime• Nighttime
Light exposure
Light Box
Light and Sleep-Wake Rhythm
Physical Activity
Meal times
Wake Time