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FACULTAD MEDICINA HUMANA 2011-I
MEDICAL ENGLISH
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MEDICAL ENGLISH
INTEGRANTES:
CALLIRGOS LOZADA CLAUDIA CAROLINA
CARRANZA TORRES YESSICA
HUAMAN SEMINARIO YASMINA DEL PILAR
PALACIOS APAESTEGUI ALBERTO
PEREZ PEREZ SANDRA GUISSELY
ZAMORA TALAVERANO EVA MARIA
MARIJUANA
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MEDICAL ENGLISH
1. CONCEPT AND ORIGIN
Marijuana is a psychoactive substance obtained from the cannabis
sativa, a wild bush that grows in temperate and tropical zones,
extracting its resin hashish, and marijuana leaves. His most important
psychoactive component is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC),
containing more than sixty plant related components.
2. TYPES
2.1. RAW: This is the type most widely consumed, with 3-22% THC
2.2. PROCESSED FORMS:
QUIFA: The Quifa is a powder that can be sieved from the leaves and
flowers of cannabis plants. It is consumed either as a powder or
compressed form to prepare cakes of hashish.
Hashish, a concentrated resin is produced from the flowers of the
cannabis. It can be eaten or chewed.
Hash oil: This oil is a blend of essential oils and resins extracted from
mature cannabis flowers through the use of different solvents. It has a
high ratio of cannabinoids, between 40-90%, and is used in a variety of
foods from cannabis.
Resin Waste: Waste collected in a pipe. The build has some psychoactive
properties, but it is difficult to use because it causes irritation to the
throat and lungs.
One suggestion from harm reduction, waste is not to consume any
substance combustion, by the accumulation of carcinogens and
mutagens.
3. MODES OF ADMINISTRATION
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MEDICAL ENGLISH
Cannabis is consumed in many different ways, most of which involve
inhaling smoke from small pipes, bongs (portable version of the hookah
with water chamber), wrapped in paper or wrapped in leaf snuff dull.
Cannabis has also been used as an active ingredient in tablets, extracts,
tinctures and medicines were formulated compound that professional,
manufactured and sold to doctors and hospitals.
4. MECHANISM OF ACTION
The initial metabolism of cannabinoids in marijuana smoke occurs in the
lungs, while oral cannabinoids are metabolized in the gastrointestinal
tract and liver. More than 30 metabolites of THC and 20 each of
cannabinol and cannabidiol. Many of these metabolites are also
psychoactive. One of the main psychoactive metabolite is 9-carboxy-
THC, which crosses the blood brain barrier more easily than other THC,
and therefore may be more active in the THC, thus the neural level
action.
5. TABLE ADDICTIVE
The long-term use of marijuana can lead to
addiction, ie search and compulsive drug use
despite knowing its harmful effects on social
functioning in the family, school, work and
recreation. People who have consumed
marijuana for a long time report irritability,
difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite, anxiety
and cravings, all of which makes it difficult to stop using it. These
withdrawal symptoms begin about the day after initiating abstinence,
reaching a peak after two or three days, and dim one or two weeks after
having used the drug last.
COCAINE
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MEDICAL ENGLISH
1. CONCEPT AND ORIGIN
Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from the coca plant. It's a nervous system
stimulant and hunger suppressant, was used in medicine as an
anesthetic, even in children, specifically in eye and nose surgery but is
currently prohibited. A central nervous system, specifically acting as an
inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine,
increasing the effect of these neurotransmitters, causing different
actions at the systemic level.
In most countries, cocaine is a prohibited drug.
2. STYLES
There are basically two chemical forms of cocaine salts and crystals of
cocaine (as freebase or crack). Hydrochloride, the most common form of
powder cocaine, dissolves in water, and when abused, can be used
intravenously (into a vein) or intranasally (nose). The free base refers to
a compound that has not been neutralized by acid to produce the
corresponding salt. This form of cocaine can be smoked, and does not
decompose as it does the hydrochloride.
3. EFFECTS AND MEDICAL PURPOSES
Cocaine increases the risk of thrombosis, stroke and myocardial
infarction, accelerates atherosclerosis and causes transient paranoia in
most addicts. Continued use by nasal aspiration of cocaine (snorting)
can cause nasal congestion, ulceration of the mucous membrane, to
even perforation of the nasal septum. While cocaine produces increased
sexual arousal can also cause sexual impotence or erectile dysfunction.
Cocaine can cause cardiovascular complications in the arteries of the
heart and brain, which can cause heart attack.
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Cocaine is the best known local anesthetic. Due to the high danger of
addiction and marked toxicity is not used more. Cocaine serves as a
substance for many local anesthetics such as lidocaine, benzocaine and
escandicaína.
When using the intranasal route the onset of action is within two
minutes (five to ten minutes when using the IV) and the maximum effect
occurs between fifteen and twenty minutes up to an hour. When
administration is oral absorption rate is low and the duration of action is
prolonged.
4. ADDICTION
Cocaine is a very potent drug for the brain, people who use it become
addicted.
Some of the most serious common problems caused by large doses
and / or constant consumption are:
• Heart problems, including heart
• Respiratory effects, including respiratory failure
• nervous system problems, including stroke
• Digestive problems including constipation
Withdrawal Syndrome: Caused by the cessation of drug use and has
three phases:
Crash: severe depression, agitation, anxiety, sleep, hyperphagia and
restless sleep for three or four nights.
Abstinence: anergy, anhedonia, intense need to take drugs, improved
between 16 and 18 weeks.
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Extinction: in acutely (suddenly, leaving the drug is abruptly) are
seizures, heart arrhythmia, tremors, irritability, hallucinations,
palpitations, hypertension, sweating, and hyperreflexia.
ALCOHOL AS A DRUG
It is a drug because it can generate at least one of these three
phenomena: dependence, tolerance and / or withdrawal symptoms.
UNIT: The desire of the consumer to "continue consuming a drug"
because he feels pleasure or to reduce tension or avoid an upset.
GRACE: When you need increasing amounts of the drug to feel the
same effect as the previous times. That's why when one is not
accustomed to drinking alcohol is drunk faster and with less.
Withdrawal: Occurs when drinking stops abruptly and is manifested
clinically by tremor, sweating, tachycardia and anxiety.
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL
Physical Effects
Alcohol is not exposed to any process of digestion so that most of
the small intestine first passes and then be absorbed by the
bloodstream. Only a small portion goes directly into the
bloodstream through the stomach walls. In the blood alcohol is
metabolized (broken down to be removed or used by the body)
through the process of oxidation. That is, it merges with oxygen
and breaks down so that its basic elements leave the body as
carbon dioxide and water. The first oxidation is the liver, which
breaks down approximately 50% of alcohol consumed in one
hour. The rest remains in the bloodstream to be removed slowly.
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Psychological Effects
Alcohol first affects the central nervous system and excessive and
prolonged interference can cause brain damage. It is popularly
believed that alcohol increases arousal, but many actually
depresses brain centers. The feeling of excitement precisely
because the depressed some brain centers reduce tensions and
inhibitions and the person experiences feelings of sociability
expanded or euphoria. Therefore it is said that alcohol "anesthesia,
internal auditing." However, if the alcohol concentration exceeds
certain levels in the blood interferes with higher mental processes
so that visual perception is distorted, motor coordination, balance,
speech and vision also suffer heavy damage. Heavy amounts of
alcohol reduce body aches and pains and induce sleep. But
continuous use irritates the stomach lining even to develop
ulcers.Additionally tends to accumulate fat in the liver, interfering
with its operation. In chronic alcoholics are raised serious brain
disorders, liver (cirrhosis) and cardiovascular (increased blood
pressure and thus the risk of a heart attack). Even, there is
evidence that alcohol increases the level of triglycerides
(saturated fat or vegetable in the arteries) and with it the risk of a
heart attack. Finally, as is well known, alcohol causes physical
addiction and psychological dependence.
What harm caused by alcohol in the body?
At any given time depend on its concentration in the blood which in turn
is determined by the following factors: amount ingested over a period of
time, presence or absence of food in the stomach to retain the alcohol
and reduce its absorption rate, weight body, liver and efficiency of the
person who eats
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HEALTH HAZARDS
Toxic amounts of alcohol has different effects in the body, most of them
negative, because the only thing positive is that it helps to lower blood
cholesterol.
A nervous system: In the acute consumption, depending on the amount
and type of person are altered progressively higher functions, especially
the practice and attention, which is why it is advisable not to drive while
intoxicated, other are alterations in language and memory. In the
chronic consumption: it has been shown that in addition to some
alterations in higher functions already described, there is damage to
nerve cells, and many of them die, this demonstrated that the brain of
an alcoholic for many years weighing less than a non-alcoholic.
In the digestive system: the most affected organ is the liver, about 20%
of alcoholic cirrhosis ends. The liver also can suffer steatosis or alcoholic
hepatitis. Drinkers patients who have hepatitis B, have more risk to lead
to cirrhosis than those who do not drink alcohol and have had a history
of hepatitis B.
It is more likely that smoking next to the cancer occurs in the mouth.
The acute consumption is one of the causes of erosive gastritis, which
can result in gastrointestinal bleeding is an emergency, it is also why a
person with acid peptic disease (gastritis or peptic ulcer) is prohibited
from drinking alcohol completely.
The pancreas also can be affected, alcohol is the main cause of both
acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis.
In the immune system, are described as an alcoholic has diminished
defenses and is easier to get sick.
In the cardiovascular system have been described cardiomyopathies as
a result of alcohol consumption, and increases in blood pressure after
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acute ingestion. Wine consumption (2 glasses per day at most helps to
lower blood cholesterol), knowledgeable about addiction doctors do not
recommend that, until you have exhausted other possibilities to lower
cholesterol and have ruled out any possibility of addiction to alcohol .
In the skeletal system: It is said that favors the development of
osteoporosis.
In the endocrine system: Alcohol promotes the secretion of prolactin,
which is why long time in alcohol, the test, we sometimes find little
lactea secretion from the nipples. Gynecomastia is described in some of
them.
In the reproductive system: In heavy drinkers have found cases of
impotence in men and infertility in women.
In the pregnant woman: fetal alcohol syndrome, which in a severe form
of their presentation, the newborn presented low weight and craniofacial
malformations. And in a mild form of the fetal alcohol sndrome, can be
perceptible and manifest later with minor learning disorders. So it is
absolutely forbidden to drink alcohol during pregnancy.
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MEDICAL ENGLISH
SNUFF
The snuff is a plant product obtained from the leaves of various plants of
the genus Nicotiana, Nicotiana tabacum in particular). Is consumed in
various forms, the main drag. His particular nicotine content makes it
addictive. Lawfully marketed worldwide but has many restrictions to
smoke in many countries because it has adverse effects on public
health.
Its composition is formed by the alkaloid nicotine, which is found in the
leaves in variable proportions (from less than 1% to 12%). The rest is
called tar, a dark, resinous substance made up of various chemicals,
many of which are generated as a result of combustion (hydrogen
cyanide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, ammonia,
etc.)
EFFECTS OF SNUFF
The snuff is a central nervous system stimulant that, however, produces
relaxation addicts. Smoking increases the tolerance (it holds more), so
that acute effects (dizziness, vomiting, sweating), becoming less
noticeable.
Psychologically, nicotine facilitates concentration, memory and active to
some extent, controlling weight gain by increasing energy expenditure,
reduce the sense of smell and taste, and keep busy in the smoker
smoking instead of eating. Each person also has its special
considerations regarding the snuff feelings attached to them.
On a physical level, nicotine increases heart rate, respiratory rate, blood
pressure and coronary flow. During the combustion of snuff, some of its
elements are transformed into carbon monoxide, poisonous emissions
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MEDICAL ENGLISH
contributing to the emergence of heart disease. When carbon monoxide
enters the bloodstream, tends to replace the oxygen in red blood cells
forming carboxyhemoglobin. In smokers, up to 10% of the total
hemoglobin can be carboxyhemoglobin, which is to say that their tissues
are 10% less oxygen.
HEALTH HAZARDS
Smoking increases 10 times the chance of developing a myocardial
infarction. 85% of deaths from lung cancer is directly related to smoking.
The consumption of snuff is the leading cause of preventable disease
and preventable mortality in developed countries. Children of smokers
are 70% more likely to be hospitalized for respiratory diseases. Finally,
the weight of newborns whose mothers smoked less compared with
those children of nonsmokers.
It is also the snuff causing 80% mortality from chronic lung processes.
In the snuff found multiple substances that are largely unhealthy. These
include their adverse effects:
Tars (benzopyrene and nitrosamine) accounted for 30% of all cancers
(bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach, etc.) and 90% of lung cancer.
Carbon monoxide, which is responsible for more than 15% of
cardiovascular disease.
Nicotine produces physical dependence. Some of the diseases produced
are:
Cardiovascular Disease:
Smoking has an effect on the arteries of medium and small size are
responsible for distributing blood throughout the body, so that the
condition of this system (cardiovascular tree) affects all organs of the
body noble, so arise following cardiovascular disease:
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Infarction or angina pectoris: Increased constriction of the arteries
(spasms) and platelet aggregation (accumulation of cells that favor clot
formation) predispose to these problems in the circulation of the
coronary arteries. The release of substances that speed up the heart and
pressure in the context of a diseased heart predisposes to sudden death.
For this reason it is not possible to make a reliable prognosis of those
patients who smoke, even if their laboratory or instrumental tests are
normal.
Cerebrovascular Disease:
It is due to a lack of blood coming temporarily or permanently a portion
of the brain that causes mass known pictures of hemiplegia, stroke,
paraplegia, paresis, and so on. The cause of these conditions is
atherosclerosis, stenosis and thrombosis of arteries supplying the brain,
which undergo the same process described occlusion in the coronary
arteries.
Sleep Disorders
People who smoke have more sleep problems than nonsmokers. In
general, besides more sleep difficulties also experience more changes
during it, which leads them to sleep worse and less sleep. This causes
many smokers are drowsy, irritable and tired during the day. To counter
this, just more smoke, which creates a vicious circle that is very difficult
to leave if you continue to smoke.
The origin of these sleep disorders can be diseases or disorders caused
by snuff. But in the very act of smoking, combining multiple factors
including the stimulant effects of nicotine cravings that occurs during
sleep, high blood pressure and pulse rate (typical of the smoker) and as
its tendency to take stimulants such as coffee.
While only one in five non-smokers snore, almost half of those who
smoke regularly do something that keeps going to leave the snuff.
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Improved sleep evidently obtained after cutting to snuff, although during
the first days as a result of withdrawal (which disappears soon after
quitting), it is common for these disorders are even more pronounced
during a short time.
Peripheral vascular disease
Smoking is closely related to the condition known as intermittent
claudication or "glass disease" characterized by pain in one or two of the
legs when walking, forcing you to stop and hide looking glass. The
extreme degree of this disease involves lesions of the foot and limb
gangrene requiring amputation. This disease is mediated by the
atherosclerotic lesion (occlusion by fat and blood clots) of the arteries of
the limbs. The regression results in cessation of symptoms and
improvement of the disease when it is not terminal. The outcome of
palliative surgery for this disease is much better if accompanied by the
cessation of snuff.
Pulmonary Disease:
Smoking has a direct relation with chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease - COPD (is reported in 80-90% of patients who suffer from this
condition), which in advanced stages have high mortality from
respiratory failure. Also the smoker is exposed more to chronic
bronchitis by the irritant effect of snuff components in contact with the
bronchial cells. This predisposes to infection by bacterial and of course,
cancer (see later). Also exposed to greater inflammatory nasal, throat
and other respiratory infections.
Hormonal Problems:
Women who smoke enter menopause about 5 years earlier than
nonsmokers. Smoking and nicotine may alter the amount of hormones
related to reproductive function. Male smokers have reduced the
mobility of their sperm. Women are at higher risk for osteoporosis
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Cancer:
The annual mortality from cancer due to smoking is 30% (of the total of
all deaths from this disease). Lung cancer has increased 250% from
1950 to 1992. There is a causal relationship between smoking and lung
cancer. This relationship was also found for cancer of the mouth, larynx,
esophagus, bladder, kidney, stomach, pancreas, cervix, and blood.
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of more than 4000 components,
many mutagenic and carcinogenic.
Hypertension and Smoking:
Epidemiological studies show that the average blood pressure in
smokers is higher than in non-smokers. It has likewise shown a sharp
increase in blood pressure after smoking a cigarette.
Impotence and snuff:
Smoking is one of the oldest inhabited implicated as responsible for
erectile dysfunction (difficulty with erection). The effect of nicotine on
erectile tissue constrictor (the arteries close), both corporal smooth
muscle with consequent difficulty to relax during the phase of
tumescence, and at the level with decreased vascular dilation of the
arteries, necessary to increase blood flow into the corpus cavernosum
(muscle of the penis). Studies using color Doppler evidence allowed the
reduction of the caliber of the cavernous arteries.
Smoking more than 7 cigarettes per day produces vasoconstrictive
effects on the penile arteries, as well as promote atherosclerosis. The
impotence smoking patient has 50% more than non-smokers and 70% of
impotent men are smokers.
the condition of This system (cardiovascular tree) Affects all Organs of
the body noble, so Arise Following cardiovascular disease:
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Infarction or angina pectoris: increased constriction of the arteries
(Spasms) and platelet aggregation (Accumulation of cells for clot
formation That) predispose to These Problems in the circulation of the
coronary arteries. The release of Substance That speed up the heart and
pressure in the context of a diseased heart predisposed to sudden
death. For This reason it is not possible to make a reliable prognosis of
Those Patients Who Smoke, Even If Their laboratory or instrumental
tests are normal.
ECSTASY
Ecstasy is a psychoactive drug with stimulant properties and
empathogens bitter taste. today is known XTC, MDMA is also sold under
the following names: In the United States: E, Euphoria or Adam, in
Mexico: Cross, in Spain: Dolphin Pasti, Pajarito, sun, tulip, Star . MDMA is
particularized by a sense of emotional openness and affective
identification with the other. This property would be mediated by
increased levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in neuronal synapses
and other neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine and to a lesser
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extent, dopamine. Serotonin activity is functionally related to mood and
mood.
A.)ORIGIN OF ECSTASY
In 1912 the company accidentally isolated Merck MDMA (3,4-
metilendioximetanfeta-mine), not finding a specific medical application,
abandoned their research labs. Between 1953 and 1954 the U.S. military
took over the investigation. was not until the 80's, when the likes of the
American chemist Alexander Shulguin, he found his MDMA
terapéuticos.El significant benefits achieved great popularity among
California underground culture and nightclubs. The sellers, in a
marketing action, renamed it the ecstasy. In 1985, the U.S. government
declared this illegal substance even though many scientists argue over
their properties to bring out thoughts and repressed memories.
B.) INTAKE FORMS
The most common way of ingesting it orally.
When presented in the form of pills, absorption
is faster and more complete if it is placed
under the tongue, in the case of capsules,
regularly dissolve in water or fruit juices. An
alternative way of taking is through aspiration, in which case it produces
a more immediate effect but its duration is reduced. The effects
becoming apparent between 20 and 60 minutes after ingestion, its peak
action occurs between one and two hours later, after which it gradually
decreases until it disappears within four to six hours. On reaching the
brain, MDMA causes the release of dopamine and norepinephrine. It
stimulates the central nervous system causing changes in the emotional
sphere.
C.)THERAPEUTIC USES
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Being classified as a entactogens (intersubjective contact generator at
deep levels), several psychologists and psychiatrists included in their
therapy reported excellent results to uncover repressed memories, helps
people to get in touch with feelings not usually available. Dr. Ingrici,
Cambridge professor who used the drug with more than 500 patients,
found very useful to cure fears, increase self-esteem and facilitates
communication, so that one of his best courses of action is in the pairs
who want to know themselves to develop their personalities.
D) EFFECTS OF ECSTASY
o Physical:
Energy, high sensitivity and reduced anxiety to physical contact, greater
tolerance to fatigue, tachycardia, arrhythmia and hypertension, loss of
appetite, dry mouth, sweating, dehydration, hyperthermia, increased
alertness, insomnia. At high doses it produces nausea, vomiting,
tremors, motor hyperactivity, chills and severe dehydration or heart
problems may experience acute renal failure, which could lead to death.
o Psychological:
Anxiety, irritability, feelings of euphoria, pleasure state, a feeling of
empathy with others, talkativeness, omnipotence. High doses can
produce anxiety, panic, confusion, insomnia, psychosis and severe visual
or auditory hallucinations.
When these sensations fade, comes exhaustion, fatigue, anxiety and
depression, conditions which can last several days. Given the large
number of people who are supposed to have used ecstasy in the last
decades, this drug can lead to abuse and dependence.
E.)HEALTH HAZARDS
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High doses can cause agitation, seizures, dehydration, vomiting and
hallucinations. Ecstasy affects the
domestic production of the
neurotransmitter serotonin, one of the
mechanisms through which regulates
body temperature, so when the
effects of ecstasy are combined with
physical activity like dancing, you may
experience a loss of control body
temperature and suffer what is known
by the name of "heat stroke" and
dehydrated.
In order to combat dehydration and re-hydrate the body, people need to
regulate the amount of liquids they consume. However, it is estimated
that ecstasy also has the ability to distort the brain's ability to know
when a person has taken enough fluids. This is why excessive
consumption of water can also cause a distortion in the cellular structure
with subsequent cell death in some cases. Many vital organs like the
liver, heart, lungs and brain are particularly susceptible to this distortion
of cell structure.
Ecstasy can in some cases able to produce a "hangover effect" the day
after having used it. Symptoms may include:
* Muscle aches.
* Loss of appetite.
* Insomnia.
* Loss of concentration.
* Depression
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Ecstasy does not produce physical dependence. However, this does not
preclude its use can become problematic for the life of those who take it
regularly and systematically.
HEROIN
Heroin is a highly addictive drug and illegal
in most countries. It belongs to opiates,
which is the most abused and most rapidly
acting and is classified, like them, within
the substances central nervous system
depressants. Heroin is made from
morphine, which is found naturally in the
Papaver somniferum, where leave is taken and latex (opium). Usually
sold as white or brownish powder or as a sticky black substance known
on the streets as "glue" or "black tar".
In 1883, Heinrich Dreser (chemical), isolated a new opiate morphine
clorhidrato thanks, getting diacetylmorphine, which is the scientific
name of the heroine. was initially thought of heroin as a substitute for
morphine, which produced great addition, and for that reason his name
was chosen. Soon it was shown that this compound addiction was
stronger compared with morphine
Some are natural opiates (morphine, opium and codeine) and others are
synthetic (made in the laboratory from the poppy) Demerol, methadone,
heroin is an opiate etc.La semi - synthetic: it is produced from morphine
through a chemical process and is about 3 times stronger than this.
A.)EFFECTS OF HEROIN
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The short-term effects of heroin abuse appear soon after the first dose
and disappear in a few hours. After an injection of the drug, the user
says he feels an outbreak of euphoria ("rush") accompanied by a warm
flushing of the skin, dry mouth and heavy extremities. After this initial
euphoria, the user is "flying" ("on the nod"), a state in wakefulness
alternating with drowsiness and mental faculties are disturbed due to
the central nervous system depression.
Heroin causes the following effects: sedation, euphoria, analgesia,
respiratory depression (major cause of death by overdose of this
substance users), suppression of cough fulminant (Bayer advertising in
the 20 highlights this fact), miosis Nausea and vomiting, gastrointestinal
effects, cardiovascular, kidney, urinary.
B.)HEALTH HAZARDS
Heroin addiction can have serious health consequences, including fatal
overdose, spontaneous abortion, collapsed veins, and infectious
diseases, including HIV / AIDS and hepatitis.
The effects of long-term heroin appear after the drug has been used
repeatedly for some period of time. The chronic user may suffer
collapsed veins, infection of the endocardium and heart valves,
abscesses, cellulitis, and liver disease. There may be pulmonary
complications, including various types of pneumonia as a result of poor
state of health of the abuser, as well as the heroin's depressing effects
on respiration. In addition to the effects of the drug, heroin sold on the
street may have additives that do not dissolve easily and clog the blood
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vessels to the lungs, liver, kidneys or brain. This can cause infection or
even death of small patches of cells in these vital organs.
C.) TOLERANCE, ADDICTION AND WITHDRAWAL
The regular heroin use produces tolerance to the drug, which means the
abuser must use more to get the same intensity or effect. This use of
higher doses leads, over time, physical dependence, in which the body,
having adapted to the presence of the drug, withdrawal symptoms may
occur if reduced or abandoned their use.
Abstinence, as in the regular addict can occur as early as several hours
after the last administration of heroin, causes a desire to use the drug,
restlessness, muscle aches and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea and
vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps ("cold turkey"), in the form of
kicking movements ("kicking the habit") and other symptoms. Among
these, the main peak by 48 hours to 72 hours after the last dose and
subside after a week or so. The sudden withdrawal users who rely
heavily on drugs and are in poor health sometimes fatal, although it is
believed that the suppression of heroin is much less dangerous than
alcohol and barbiturates.
D.) HOW TO TREAT HEROIN ADDICTION?
. Addiction to opiates (drugs related to opium) are brain diseases and
disorders that they can be effectively treated. The first doctors strongly
recommend greater access to maintenance treatment programs on the
basis of painkiller called methadone to people who are addicted to
heroin and other opiate drugs, and second the elimination of federal and
state laws and other barriers, that impede access to these programs. He
also stressed the importance of providing psychological counseling
substance abuse, psychosocial treatment and other services to give
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support to the patient, that encourage the continuation and success of
treatment programs for methadone maintenance.
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD or LSD-25 is
a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family. It is one
of most psychedelic substances known and powerful. Induce altered
states of consciousness, sometimes compared with those
ofschizophrenia or mystical experience. Colloquially, itisknown as
acid, tripod or gut (English trip, journey).
Under the influence of hallucinogens, people see images, hear sounds
and feel sensations that seem real but are not. Some hallucinogens also
produce rapid, intense emotional swings. Among the chemicals that
alter mood, LSD is one of the most powerful. Discovered in 1938, is
manufactured from lysergic acid, found in ergot, a fungus that grows on
rye and other cereals.
The drug was used by scientists and psychiatrists to his experiments
withschizophrenic patients, but soon, in the 50, the drug rapidly into the
public domain.There were three reasons for this success: first, its high
activity, as outlined, the second is the ease of concealing a
colorless, odorless and tasteless, like LSDpreparations, being able
to place a few drops on sugar cubes, water, blotting paper, or other
media anodyne going unrecognized, the third reason is the relative
ease of clandestine synthesis, from lysergic acid in pharmaceutical
laboratories.
It is currently one of the psychoactive chemical with the greatest
potential to alterconsciousness. Hallucinogenic drug is par excellence.
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INHALANTS
WHAT ARE INHALANTS?
Inhalants are substances
that are used to "get well"
among the most common
are the queues, glues,
paints.... They
release chemicals, altering temporarily, but
reversible cerebral performance.
They are substances of domestic and industrial use, gasoline,
glues, cleaning fluids, aerosols, gas lighters, etc....
They encourage their consumption of readily available, are
sold indiscriminatelyin many shops:
Low cost
Sale authorized
A rapid and intense effect, immediate inhalation
is absorbed through the lungs.
WHAT ARE THE MOTIVES AND FORMS OF USE OF INHALANTS?
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Curiosity among teenagers and reality. Integration group, be part
of a group.Peer pressure and
pleasure-seeking.
Consumption alternatives are
usually:
Soak a cloth
or handkerchief
with gasoline or solvent and inhale deeply.
Place glue on a plastic bag and inhale through the mouth or
nose.
Sprays directly through the nose or mouth.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF INHALANTS?
Similar to drunkenness, feel good, slurred speech, blurred vision,
disorientation, mental dullness, drowsiness....
Like alcohol, inhalants are central nervous system depressants,
general depression that can lead to sleep, stupor or coma.
Irritation. Conjunctivitis of theeyes and upperrespiratorytract,
lacrimation, cough, gastritis, inhibition of appetite and headache.
WHAT ARE THE RISKS AND HARM ASSOCIATED WITH INHALANT
ABUSE?
Gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, vomiting, kidney and
liver disorders)
Arrhythmias.
Disordered breathing (chronic bronchitis, pulmonary edema).
Chronic conjunctivitis. Sudden death fromheartfailure,
deathfrom aspiration of vomit, death from ventricular arrhythmia.
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On a psychological level appearance of visual
hallucinations. Irritability,decreased concentration, impaired school
performance, truancy.
CRACK
The crack is a drug derived from cocaine.
It is made in clandestine laboratories macerating coca leaves with
kerosene. Is added sodium bicarbonate to increase volume and decrease
its cost, and make more manageable the substance. It has a high degree
of impurities, so its usage is pulmonary.
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MECHANISM OF ACTION
Because crack is smoked, enter the bloodstream quickly, producing the
individual:
To be smoked, the alkaloid reaches the brain faster, in larger
quantities and has a synergistic effect with other chemicals that
have been used for processing.
Produces a feeling of euphoria, central nervous system stimulation
almost immediately.
Generates panic attacks, insomnia
A few minutes later the euphoria is replaced by anxiety, fear,
depression or apathy considerable. These psychological effects
unpleasant (dysphoric) can be combated by smoking more.
If the individual continues to smoke, can have hallucinations,
delusional perceptions, ideas frankly paranoid or psychotic
behavior
Due to the speed of effects, almost immediate, the crack became very
popular in the early 1980s. Another reason for its popularity is that it is
economic.
EFFECTS
considerable euphoria
causes numbness,
dry mouth,
burning sensation in eyes,
palpitations,
headache, muscle twitching,
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increase in reflexes and dilated pupils.
Chronic use produces
insomnia, weight loss, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, tremors,
sexual indifference, access chronic cough, paranoia, delusions of
parasitosis, miniaturized visual perceptions and lung infections.
The biggest problem with this is cocaine derivative that is highly
addictive, although leading to addiction is not physical, but
psychological and strong.
An overdose can cause cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest caused
by vasoconstriction, so that any suspicion should be considered a
medical emergency. Meanwhile it is kept clear airway and apply
artificial respiration if necessary.
COCAINE BASE PASTE OR PACO
It's not a drug, it is worse than that: it is the waste of a drug. Arises as
waste from kitchens or laboratories where cocaine is produced, emerges
as a result of an industry that seeks ways to bring to market their waste.
CONSUMPTION
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It performs home through pipes where the product is mixed with metal
shavings and snuff cigarette ash.
EFFECTS OF PACO
The stages through which a consumer passes when paco consume
three.
1. Stage of euphoria
Euphoria.
sensation of pleasure.
Ecstasy.
Enhancing the mood.
hyperexcitability.
Feeling very competent and capable.
2. Dysphoria Stage
Feeling of anxiety, depression and insecurity.
urge to continue smoking.
sadness, apathy.
sexual indifference.
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3. Binge
Stage in which the person begins to consume continuously when it still
has the blood dose to avoid dysphoria.
4. Psychosis and hallucinations Stage
PBC consumption can cause psychosis or loss of contact with reality.
HEALTH HAZARDS
The sulfuric acid in the compound produces emphysema and lung
cancer in the medium term.
The kerosene dissolves myelin coating the axons, preventing the
transmission of electrical impulses
in neurons.
The combustion of kerosene
produces carbon monoxide, which
replaces oxygen in red blood cells
from the blood.
Their consumption during
pregnancy causes severe
mutations in the fetus.
Progressive degradation of the
skin and muscles.
Accelerated Reduction of body weight
Reluctance and insomnia.
Nausea and vomiting.
hypertension, tachycardia.
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AMPHETAMINES
Amphetamines are substances derived from the
"Beta-phenyl-isopropyl amine." Drug are drugs,
addictive (Moderate-High) and neurotoxic. The most
common are: Benzedrine, Dexedrine and
methylamphetamine. They are a strong stimulant
and inappropriate relationship with all sports to reduce fatigue. One of
its most common application is to aid in weight reduction.
Amphetamines are a type of drug that stimulates
the central nervous system. They come in tablets
or capsules of different shape and color. May be
legal if they are consumed under strict medical
supervision, however, the abuse occurs when the
same are bought and used unlawfully.
How They're Used: Amphetamines are swallowed, inhaled or injected.
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EFFECTS OF AMPHETAMINES:
Physical symptoms include:
Increases alertness.
Aggressive and violent
behavior.
Increased energy and
motor activity.
Feeling of wellbeing.
Increased security and
confidence.
Decreased sleep and fatigue
Increase the speed of thought
and language.
It suppresses the appetite.
Increased blood pressure and
body temperature
Increased heart rate.
Stimulation of the cerebral
cortex.
Electro desynchronization in
the electroencephalogram (EEG)
Behavioral changes occur in:
Psychomotor agitation,
Feelings of grandeur
Alertness, fights
Impairment of thought processes.
In normal doses, its effects vary by individual and intake conditions.
They can produce pleasurable effects, hyperactivity and overwhelming
sense of energy, but also cause tremor, anxiety, irritability, anger and
sudden unmotivated, amnesic disorders and incoherence. In the last
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phase described depression, paranoid pictures paranoid delusions,
hallucinations and behavioral disorders. Amphetamine use can lead to
aggressive actions, like barbiturates and alcohol, for their great euphoric
effect, coupled with a lack of control in the inhibitory instincts.
Such situations occur when the doses given, usually intravenously over 2
gr. It has been shown greater potential than amphetamines cocaine,
both in its height and the duration of the effects.
HOW AMPHETAMINE ACTS IN THE BODY?
Amphetamine is a direct agonist of presynaptic
receptors for noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine
(DA) to central nervous system.
THERAPEUTIC USES:
Amphetamine stimulates the central
nervous system to improve wakefulness
and increasing levels of alertness and
ability to concentrate.
Promotes higher cognitive functions
such as attention and memory (particularly working memory) and
shows its effects on executive functions.
Reinforcing effects produced by associating specific behaviors with
pleasurable emotions (reward).
A behavioral level, reinforces the systems
involved in the regulation of responses to
specific emotions, reduces levels of impulsivity
(self), in the case of obesity, it has been used
due to its action on the hypothalamic centers
that regulate appetite.
Finally, an agent activating the sympathetic nervous system,
peripheral adrenergic effects, resulting in an increase in the level
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of motor activity, resistance to fatigue, cardio-respiratory activity,
particularly in the thermogenic metabolic processes of the body,
leading to greater fat burning.
RISK OF ADDICTION:
The risk of dependence and addiction is as high as that of cocaine, as
their tolerance levels are low, requiring increasingly higher doses to
achieve the same effect. Having started with therapeutic doses of 10 to
30 mg, after three or four weeks regular users may need up to 500 mg
to experience the same effects, which seriously affects many people
without habit. Although it does not cause physical dependence in the
strict sense, the potential for psychological dependence is high.
Withdrawal can last a few weeks. It is manifested by anxiety, fatigue,
sleep disturbance, irritability, intense hunger, and severe depression,
symptoms that can last up to a month.
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