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Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

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Page 1: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers
Page 2: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

The Healthy Heart

Page 3: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

The Healthy Heart

Page 4: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Chambers of the Heart

Right AtriumReceives blood

through the superior and

inferior vena cava.

Left VentriclePumps blood rich in

oxygen through the aorta to the arteries to nourish

the body systems.

Left AtriumReceives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Right VentriclePumps blood in need of

oxygen to the lungs.

Page 5: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

The Path Of Blood Flow

Page 6: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Oxygenation of blood in

alveoli capillaries

Page 7: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Death Rates for Cardiovascular Disease in the United States, 1940 & 2000

Page 8: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Women & Heart Disease• Coronary Vascular Disease:

– Coronary heart disease + Stroke• Misconception: Coronary vascular disease is not a

major problem for women– CVD = 493,000 female deaths– Breast cancer = 41,514 female deaths

• Lifetime risk of developing CVD after age 40:– Men: 49%– Women: 32%

• First among all disease categories in hospital discharges for women

• 40% of all female deaths in USA from CVD

Page 9: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Women & Heart Disease• Greater incidence in minority women• 38% of women compared to 25% of men will

die within one year post heart attack• Average age of first heart attack:

– Men: 65.8 y/o– Women: 70.4 y/o

• Incidence of hypertension is greater in men until age 55; after 55, incidence is higher in women

Page 10: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Development of Atherosclerosis

Fatty Streaks Develop on the Arterial Walls at Injury Spots

Growth and Hardening of Fatty Streaks

Plaque Formation (well developed by age 30)

Narrowing and Loss of Elasticity of the Arteries

Restriction of Blood Flow to the Heart or BrainLimited Oxygen Delivery to the Heart or Brain

Blood Pressure Elevation Blood Clot Formation and Thrombosis

Angina, Heart Attack and/or Stroke

Page 11: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

The Atherosclerotic

Process

Page 12: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Atherosclerotic Plaque:Artery cross-section

Page 13: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Atherosclerotic plaque occluding an artery

Page 14: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Normal ArteryArterial Plaque

Page 15: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Unclogging The Arteries• Cholesterol-lowering drugs• Low-fat diet• Dean Ornish Diet (without medications)

– Very low-fat diet (8% of total daily calories)– Moderate exercise for 1 hour three times per week.– Stress counseling.– One hour of yoga, meditation, breathing, and

progressive relaxation per day.

Page 16: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

Factors You Can Control• Physical Inactivity• Tobacco• Obesity• Hypertension• Hypercholesterolemia• Diabetes Mellitus• Stress• Homocysteine levels• Artery inflammation

Factors You Can’t Control• Heredity• Race and Ethnicity• Age• Gender• Bacterial Infection

Page 17: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Heart Healthy Benefits of Regular Physical Activity

• Reduction in body weight.• Reduction in blood pressure.• Reduction of LDL and total

cholesterol levels.• Increase in HDL cholesterol.• Increased insulin sensitivity.

Page 18: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Regular Physical ExerciseAmerican Heart Association,

AmericanCollege of Sports Medicine and the

CDC30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most,

if not all, days of the week.

Institute of Medicine60 minutes of daily physical activity to

counter the obesity epidemic.

Page 19: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Which of the following is NOT a heart benefit of regular exercise?

A. Reduction in blood pressure

B. Reduction of HDL and total cholesterol levels

C. Increased insulin sensitivity

D. Improved coronary artery circulation

Page 20: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Heart Healthy Nutrition

• Plenty of fruits and vegetables.• Cholesterol Lowering Foods:

– Oats, barley, soy protein, and nuts.• Fish 2 times a week (AHA).• Insufficient Evidence to Recommend For or

Against the Use of:– Supplements of vitamin A, C, or E.– Multivitamins with folic acid.– Antioxidant combinations.

Page 21: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Tobacco and Heart DiseaseHow Smoking Damages The Heart:• Nicotine overstimulates the heart.• Carbon monoxide reduce the oxygen supply to the

heart.• Tars and other smoke residues increase the risk of

cholesterol build-up in the arteries.• Smoking increases blood clotting.• Smoking causes irreversible damage to the arteries.• Second-hand smoke

Page 22: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Blood Pressure

Systolic Blood Pressure Pressure exerted by blood

against walls of the arteriesduring forceful contraction

of the heart.

Diastolic Blood PressurePressure exerted by blood

against the walls of the arteries during

relaxation of the heart.

Definition: A measure of the force exerted against the walls of the vessels by the blood flowing through them.

Sphygmomanometer &Stethoscope

Page 23: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Measuring Blood Pressure

Page 24: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Measurement of Blood Pressure

Page 25: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

What Is a Healthy Blood Pressure?

120-139/80-90 mm Hg

140-159/90-99 mm HgHYPERTENSION

PREHYPERTENSION

115/75 mm HgHEALTHY READING

160+/100+ mm Hg

Page 26: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

What are common symptoms of patients with

hypertension?

? ?

Page 27: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

What is the most common symptom of someone who

has hypertension?

NONE• Hypertension is often called the

“Silent Killer”

Page 28: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Consequences of High Blood Pressure

Page 29: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Cross-section of an artery

Normal artery Hypertension

Page 30: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Preventing Hypertension• Lifestyle Changes

– Losing weight– Regular exercise– Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension (DASH

Diet)– Restriction of daily sodium intake

• Factors That Have Not Proven Effective– Dietary supplements such as calcium, magnesium,

potassium, and fish oil

Page 31: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Complications of hypertension involve all of the following organ systems except:

A. HeartB. KidneyC. EyeD. Peripheral arteriesE. BrainF. None of the above

Page 32: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Understanding Blood Lipids

Low Density Lipoprotein

(LDL)

Low Density Lipoprotein

(LDL)

Fatty substances produced by the liver that carry cholesterol to arterial walls; “bad” cholesterol. Fatty substances produced by the liver that carry cholesterol to arterial walls; “bad” cholesterol.

High Density Lipoprotein

(HDL)

High Density Lipoprotein

(HDL)

Very Low Density Lipoprotein

(VLDL)

Very Low Density Lipoprotein

(VLDL)

Fatty substance that picks up cholesterol in the blood- stream and returns it to the liver; “good” cholesterol. Fatty substance that picks up cholesterol in the blood- stream and returns it to the liver; “good” cholesterol.

The largest of the lipoproteins which allow cholesterol to circulate in the bloodstream. The largest of the lipoproteins which allow cholesterol to circulate in the bloodstream.

TriglyceridesTriglycerides Fats that flow through the blood after meals and have been linked to increased risk of coronary artery disease. Fats that flow through the blood after meals and have been linked to increased risk of coronary artery disease.

Page 33: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Serum Cholesterol GuidelinesAmount Rating

Total Cholesterol

<200 mg/dl200-239 mg/dl>240 mg/dl

DesirableBorderline HighHigh Risk

LDL Cholesterol Less than 100 mg/dl100-129 mg/dl130-159 mg/dl160-189 mg/dl190+ mg/dl

OptimalNear OptimalBorderline HighHighVery High

HDL cholesterol >45 mg/dl36-44 mg/dl<35 mg/dl

DesirableBorderline HighHigh Risk

Page 34: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Lowering Cholesterol

Therapeutic Life Changes:• Dietary changes• Weight loss• Physical activityMedications:

– Statins– Niacin

Page 35: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Acute Myocardial InfarctionHeart Attack

Definition: A condition that occurs when blood supply to the heart muscle is cut off and the tissue dies.

Crushing or heavy discomfort or pain

in the chest

Heartburn symptoms accompanied by

nausea and vomiting

Chest pain that spreads to the shoulders, neck,

jaw or arms

Lightheadedness,dizziness or

faintingSweating

Page 36: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Myocardial Infarction

Page 37: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Myocardial Infarction

Healthy heart Myocardial InfarctionWhere is it located?

Page 38: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

A temporary decrease in oxygen supply to the myocardium is

A. Myocardial InfarctionB. AtherosclerosisC. AnginaD. HypercholesterolemiaE. Stroke

Page 39: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

ArrhythmiasIrregular Heart Beat

• Bradycardia: – Heart rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute

• Tachycardia: – Heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute

• Potential Causes: – Atherosclerosis, hypertension, mineral imbalance, alcohol,

tobacco, cocaine, or other drugs• Symptoms:

– Fatigue, lightheadedness, loss of consciousness, death, and organ damage

• Diagnosis: – Electrocardiogram

• Treatment: – Medications and/or pacemakers

Page 40: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Diagnostic TestsElectrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)

Page 41: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Diagnostic Tests

• Stress Test • Thallium

scintigraphy

Page 42: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Treatments• Aspirin therapy • Medications

– diuretics– beta-blockers– calcium channel blockers– angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE)

• Surgical Procedures– Coronary bypass

• Use of saphenous vein to bypass occlusion• Placement of a titanium stent to bypass artery occlusion

– Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty– Pacemaker

Page 43: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Using a stent to bypass occluded arteries

Titanium stent Expanded stent

Page 44: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Page 45: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

• Pacemaker

Page 46: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers
Page 47: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)• Definition

– Blockage of the blood supply to a portion of the brain• Statistics

– the 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S.– Worldwide: the second leading cause of death

• Types– Ischemic stroke

• Thrombotic• Embolic

– Hemorrhagic stroke• Acute / chronic bleed• Rupture of aneurysm

– Transient ischemic attacks (TIA)

Page 48: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Warning Signs of a Stroke

Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg – particularly on one side of the body.

Sudden confusion, difficulty in speech or understanding.

Sudden trouble seeing out of one or both eyes.

Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination.

A sudden severe headache of unknown cause.

Page 49: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Risk Factors for StrokesGender

Race

Age

Hypertension

High Red Blood Cell Count

Heart Disease

Blood Fats

Diabetes Mellitus

Page 50: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Prevention and Treatment for StrokesA baby aspirin a day keeps strokes away.Surgery• Carotid endartectomy• Brain angioplastyMedications• Thrombolytic drugs

Page 51: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Which of the following concerning stroke is INCORRECT?

A. Hemorrhagic type results from blood clot

B. Right brain involvement can result in weakness of left leg

C. Major risk factor is hypertensionD. Can be prevented by taking a

baby aspirin a day.

Page 52: Heart Health - ClassJump.com - free websites for teachers

Heart-Smart Strategies For LifeDon’t smoke

Watch your weightCut down on saturated fat and cholesterol

Get movingLower your stress levels

Know your family historyGet your blood pressure checked regularly

Tame your temperGet a lipoprotein profile

Take appropriate medications