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Epidemics in Literature and
American Culture
Katie Wallace, Katie Snell, Christina Bonacci
Literature and MedicineDr. Farkas10/29/2009
A Historical Look at Smallpox
First appeared in New York City in 1649 Years of Outbreaks and Death Tolls in NYC 1870-1875: 3,498 1901-1902: 700 Cases reappeared in 1922,1925,and 1939 1947: LeBar outbreak
Time Period Crowded, poor urban areas
Sanitary concerns
Public Health Measures Vaccination Sanitation
http://scienceprofonline.googlepages.com/Cowpox_nih.jpg/Cowpox_nih-full.jpg
A Historical Look at Typhoid Fever
A water and food-bourne bacterial infection
First discovery of the bacterial cause: 1880
Healthy carriers can spread the disease.
Time Period Lack of health codes Poor hygiene and sanitation
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1266/727202312_93a39c8adb.jpg
Typhoid Fever
Outbreak• Early 1900’s
• The first carrier identified in the U.S. was in 1907
• 10% mortality rate for those who had contracted it.
Public Health Measures •Sanitation measures•Carrier identification•New public health standards
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/visualculture/images/A27541.jpg
A Historical Look at AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Recognized as a disease in 1982
Still continues today in U.S. and other nations
Time Period Continues to be associated with social and
cultural taboos Blood donor screening 1983
Public Health Measures Education
Safety campaigns
Smallpox
A Narrative of the Methods and Success of Inoculating the smallpox in New England Benjamin Coleman, 1722
o Reverend Cotton Mather vs. William Douglass, physician
o Controversy over inoculationo Does it do more harm than good?o Is it ethical for me to make myself
sick?o Religious debate
o Gift from god or heathen practice?
• Dr. Zay
-Elizabeth Stuart Phelpshttp://scienceblogs.com/denialism/inoculation.jpg
Typhoid Mary 1907, The healthy carrier
Kathleen Ford’s “Typhoid Mary’s Proposal” Dilemma: individual freedom vs. public health
"That's not exactly what it says, Little Bertie.”
"She must be sad though, don't you think, being all alone.”
"There's a hospital on that island, and other people have to stay.”
"But, Patricia, she's in a little house all by herself.”
"Well, a house to yourself isn't a bad thing, and the East River isn't the middle of nowhere. I expect if we stood in Queens, we'd be able to call to her.”
"But don't you think it's a terrible thing--a woman as healthy as a horse, to be locked up for who knows how long?”
"I don't know about terrible. There's them that died because of her carrying the typhoid fever."
www.mariantomasgriffin.com/typhoid%20mary%20pictures4.htm
AIDS Blood and Aids in America: Science,
Politics and the Making of and Iatrogenic Catastrophe
-Ronald Bayer
- High Risk Donors, the exclusion of homosexual male donors
- Public health vs. Privacy
“The thing is, people are dying. The medical problem is more important than the civil rights issue.”
-James Curran, Head of AIDS activities at the CDC to gay
male population
www.msnbcmedia3.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/040521/040521_madcow_hmed12p.hmedium.jpg
Part of the New York American article of June 20, 1909, which first identified Mary Mallon as "Typhoid Mary."
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/typhoid/mary.html
• six-page, letter written in late June 1909.
• written to George Francis O'Neill - her lawyer
• used in his petition of June 28 before the New York Supreme Court
• goal: released from quarantine.
• Mallon had been quarantined against her will for over two years
• discusses her frustrations of the time “I have been in fact a peep show for everybody. Even the interns had to come to see me and ask about the facts already known to the whole wide world.”
Mary Mallon’s First-Hand Letter:
1981: First Signs of AIDS in the New York Times
New York Times, July 3, 1981, p. A20
New York Times, August 29, 1981, p. 9.
• Prominent poster produced in America in 1987
• tackled discrimination against people living with HIV
• image was inspired by Ryan White
'I have AIDS please hug me' poster
M·A·C AIDS Fund •Established in 1994
by M·A·C Cosmetics
• 100% Proceeds go to VIVA GLAM lipsticks would go to the M·A·C AIDS Fund.
•Through the annual Kids Helping Kids Card Program, M·A·C Cosmetics has provided over $135 million (US) to date
• Campaign
• 100% of the net proceeds from the sale of the totes will go to help fund YouthAIDS programs
• South Africa and worldwide
ALDO Fights AIDS (AFA)
Campaigns and Funds:
Works Cited AIDS Education Global Information System. "So Little Time: An AIDS History." AEGiS. 27 Oct. 2009. <http://www.aegis.com/default.asp?req=http://www.aegis.com/topics/timeline/> Bayer, Ronald." Blood and AIDS in America: Science, Politics, and the Making of an Iatrogenic
Catastrophe". Blood. Feuds: AIDS, blood and the Politics of Medical Disaster. Ed. Eric Feldman, Ronald Bayer. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999 p. 17-59. Print.
Colman, Benjamin. A narrative of the method and success of inoculating the small-pox . in New England. Dublin: George Grierson at the Two Bibles in Essex Street, 1722. Print. Brandt, Allen M. “AIDS in Historical Perspective: Four Lessons from the History of Sexually
Transmitted Diseases.” Sickness and Health in America. 3rd ed.Eds. Judith Leavitt and Ronald Numbers.Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997. 426-432.
Ford, Kathleen. "Typhoid Mary's Proposal." The Antioch Review Summer 2009: 425+. General
OneFile. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. <http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.mcphs.edu/gps/start.do?prodId=IPS&userGroupName=mcp_main> Leavitt, Judith W. "Be Safe. Be Sure. New York City's Experience with Epidemic Smallpox." Sickness . and Health in America. 3rd ed. Eds. Judith Leavitt and Ronald Numbers. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997. 407-
415. Leavitt, Judith W. “”Typhoid Mary” Strikes Back: Bacteriological Theory and Practice in Early 20 th
Century Public Health.” Sickness and Health in America. 3rd ed. Eds. Judith Leavitt and Ronald Numbers. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997. 555-566.
"The Boston Smallpox Epidemic, 1721". Harvard University Library Open Collections Program: Connotation: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics. 2008. http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/smallpox.html. web. 26 Oct. 2009.