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Back to the Future:Producing food in a changing
consumer environment
February 26, 2016Craig Rowles DVM
CEOIowa Cage Free
The egg industry has changed a lot!
• Overview of the Industry• Animal welfare/Housing issues• Egg Safety Rule• Audits• Keys to success – Pullet
development
Todays topic’s
U.S. Egg Industry
U.S. Egg Industry
1960’s and 1970’s1980’s and 1990’s
Back to the Midwest – near cheap grainMove to warmer weather and population
U.S. Egg IndustryState 1995 2015
(Million Layers) (Million Layers)
Iowa 14,709 58,100Ohio 21,754 29,733Indiana 19,528 26,629Pennsylvania 19,390 24,089California (70’s – 45 million layers) 24,794 15,234Texas 13,403 14,760Minnesota 10,145 10,583Nebraska 8,700 9,342Michigan 9,907 12,688Florida 8,381 8,191
Total 150,711 209,349 (70% of Industry)
U.S. Egg Industry
Mid 1970’s – 10,000 egg farmers in U.S. (est.)
1987 – 2,500 egg farmers
2015 – 175 commercial egg companies represent 99% of all eggs produced in the U.S.
60 companies with more than one million layers
These companies represent approximately 255 million layers or 89% of egg production
17 companies with more than 5 million layers
U.S. Egg Industry
Prior to AI - 305 million layers in U.S.
Average size farm around 1.5 million layers
Some farms with more than 6 million layers
91.3% of eggs still produced in cages 4.5% traditional cage-free 4.2% organic
U.S. Egg Industry
How are consumers…consuming eggs in the U.S.
U.S. Egg Industry
Of the 229 million cases of shell eggs produced:(Approximately 6.8 Billion Dozens – 82 Billion Eggs)
122.1 million cases went to retail (53.3%)
73.3.0 million cases were further processed (32%)
22.9 million cases went for foodservice (10%)
10.7 million cases were exported (4.7%)
U.S. Egg Industry
Per Capita Consumption – 316 million Americans
2000 – 251.7
2005 – 255.4
2010 – 247.9
2015 – 261 (estimate)
Animal WelfareIssues
2002
Has it been enough?
2015
States with Laws Passed65 Million Layers
Interstate Commerce Nightmare
Conventional Caged Egg Production
Modern Production FacilityAerial photo looking west 6.4 Million Hens
Enriched Colony Egg Production
Enriched Colony Cages
Cage-Free Egg Production
Welfare Tradeoffs
• Cap Ex. Per Bird– Old high rise buildings - $16– Belted Battery Cages - $23– Cage Free - $42
• Labor per dozen:– Caged $.02– Big Dutchman Aviary $.05– Vencomatic $.07
• Total Costs per dozen for cage free versus cage is 35% higher!
Costs…………….
• Salmonella Enteritidis prevention program• Pullets– must be procured from SE monitored breed flocks• Environmental testing
– Chick paper on arrival– 14-16 weeks of age environmental test– 40-45 week environmental test– 4-6 weeks post molt
• Biosecurity Practices– Visitors, cross contamination, wild birds, rodents, animals– Rodent, fly, other pest control programs
• Cleaning and disinfection– Remove manure, dry clean the house, spray disinfectants
• Refrigeration – hold and transport eggs at 45 degrees
Egg Safety Rule
Testing Procedures
• Written SE prevention Plan• Documentation that pullets were raised under “monitored”
conditions• Document compliance with
– Biosecurity, rodent and pest control, cleaning and disinfection, and refrigeration
• Environmental and egg sampling procedures• Test results• Diversion of eggs• Records of review, modification, and corrective actions
Required Records
• American Humane Certification• United Egg Producers• American Bakery Institute• Specific customer audits
Audits
• Growing system must be appropriate for the layer system• Vaccinations must be timely and appropriately administered
– 8 vaccination steps• Management and nutrition must be monitored
– 14 management checkpoints– 5 diets– Water and feed consumption monitored daily
Keys to success - Pullet Development
Automatic Vaccination machines
Spray vaccines at the hatchery
Wing Web vaccination
Spray vaccines on the farm
Number of birds weighed 99
Mean body weight 1.783 Lb
Mean + 10% 1.961 Lb
Mean – 10% 1.605 Lb
Number of birds outside 1.961 and 1.605 lb 9
Uniformity = ([99-9]/99) x 100 = 91 %
CV = (.11/1.783) x 100 = 6.1 %
Pullet Growth
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