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DISABILITIES , IMPAIRMENTS
AND SPECIAL NEEDS
A teachers guide to
Definitions
Disability – the interaction between impairment and externally imposed restrictions (World Health Organization)
Impairment – exists “when a person has physical, sensory, or intellectual conditions that potentially limits full participation in social and/or physical environments” (Coakley & Donnelly, Sport In Society, p.44)
Definitions
Impairment becomes a disability when “accommodation in social or physical contexts are not or cannot be made to allow the full participation of people with functional limitations.” (Coakley & Donnelly, Sport in Society, p. 44)
Definitions
Handicapped – when others define a person as inferior and “unable” due to perceived impairments
Ableism – “exclusionary practices that fail to take disability into account, particularly the failure to make sport and recreation programs and facilities fully accessible.” (Lenskyj, Canadian Sport Sociology, 101)
Person First Terminology
Person before disability “The boy with down syndrome” as
opposed to “The down syndrome boy”
Physical Disabilities
Cerebral Palsy
“Characterized by an inability to fully control motor function, particularly muscle control and coordination”
‘Cerebral’ – brain ‘Palsy’ – problems with movement and
posture, or motor control impairment
Cerebral Palsy Source
Cerebral Palsy
CharacteristicsMuscle tightness or spasticity, involuntary
movement, disturbance in gait or mobility, difficulty swallowing and problems with speech
3 types: Spastic, Athetoid, and Ataxic Preventable
Tests & prenatal care
Cerebral Palsy Source
Cerebral Palsy 70 % of cases in children are congenital, or
present at birth No cure Treatments
Physical therapy Speech and language therapy Occupational therapy Drug therapy Surgical procedures
Cerebral Palsy Source
Team Hoyt
Learning Disabilities
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
“a condition where the person suffering from it is below the accepted norm when it comes to being able to sit still, pay attention and focus on the task at hand”
3 sub-typesPredominantly hyperactive-impulsivePredominantly inattentiveCombined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive
500Health.com
ADHD
10 % of children are affected Boys are more prone to ADHD than girls Treatment options:
Behaviour therapyMedicationSupport groupsSocial skills trainingEducational supportProfessional coaching
HELPGUIDE.org
Down Syndrome
Each normal cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes
In a person with Down Syndrome, there are 3 chromosomes on the 21st pair (instead of 2)
Canadian Down Syndrome Society
Down Syndrome
Persons with Down Syndrome may be predisposed to certain illnesses and medical conditions
Down syndrome commonly results in an effect on learning style, although the differences are highly variable and individualistic
People with Down Syndrome usually have mild to moderate intellectual delay
Canadian Down Syndrome Society
Down Syndrome
Types of chromosomal patterns that result in Down SyndromeTrisomy 21(95%)Translocation (2-3%)Mosaicism (2%)
Physical characteristics (babies)Chubby cheeks, large, round eyes, larger
tongue, smaller limbs, and smaller body frame
Canadian Down Syndrome Society
Down Syndrome
Health ConcernsCongenital malformations of the heart
(more than 40%)HypothyroidismHearing loss (as a result of frequent ear
infections)Vision problems
Canadian Down Syndrome Society
Intellectual Disabilities
Autism
“Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of complex neurodevelopment disorders, characterized by social impairments, communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behaviour”
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Autism Males are more likely than females to have ASD Estimated that 3 of 6 children of every 1,000 will
have ASD ASD varies significantly in character and severity
Other forms of Autism: Asperger SyndromeRett Syndrome
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Autism
Impaired social interaction Unresponsive Exclusion of others for long periods of
time Withdraw and become indifferent to
social engagement Lacks empathy
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Autism
~20 – 30% of children with ASD develop epilepsy by the time they reach adulthood
(For most children) Symptoms improve with age
There is no cure for ASD
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) “Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal
alcohol effects (FAE) are conditions associated with drinking alcohol during pregnancy. FAS causes a variety of mental, physical, and developmental disabilities in the baby.”
FAE is a milder form of FAS
Body and Health Canada
FAS
Alcohol damages the developing cells of the fetus
The brain and nervous system are particularly sensitive to alcohol and can suffer permanent damage
There is no safe amount of alcohol consumption during pregnancyThere is no way to reverse the damage of
prenatal alcohol exposureBody and Health Canada
FAS Signs of central nervous system abnormalities:
Delayed development, behavioural patterns, learning disabilities, intellectual impairment
Typical facial malformations features:Short eye slits or dropping eyes, a thin upper lip,
flattened cheekbones, absence of a distinct groove between the upper lip and nose
Children with FAS are often naive, have poor decision-making skills and judgementE.g. substance abuse and other difficulties later in
lifeBody and Health Canada
Sensory Impairments
Hearing Impaired
“Hearing impairment occurs when there’s a problem with or damage to one or more parts of the ear”
KidsHealth.org
Hearing Impaired Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL)- too much
exposure to loud noise
Types of hearing lossConductive hearing loss- problem with outer or middle
ear (including the eardrum or ossicles)Sensorineural hearing loss- damage to the inner
ear(cochlea) or the auditory nerve○ Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder- transmission of
sound from the inner ear to the brain is then disorganized
KidsHealth.org
Hearing Impaired Congenital hearing loss- when hearing loss is
present at birth Acquired hearing loss- when hearing loss
occurs later in life
~28 million Americans are deaf or hearing impaired (which equals out to ~1 of 10 people)Hearing loss is most common at birth
KidsHealth.org
Vision Impaired
Vision loss can be caused by eye problems present from birth, by conditions that appear later in life, or by infections or environmental factors
Blind – persons with no usable sight Visual Impaired – refers to persons who
have partial sight
Canadian National Institute for the Blind
Vision Impaired Guidelines for Interacting with a person who is blind
Introduce yourself immediately Shake hands to accompany a greeting in place of a smile that usually
accompanies a greeting Speak directly to the person who is blind. Don’t look away. Use explicit
verbal instructions. Offer your arm when walking with a person who is blind. Do not “push”
them around When you leave a person who is blind, it is important to let them know When others enter or leave the room, use their names so that the person
who is blind can keep track of who is in the room Provide an orientation of the environment describing the location of
landmarks The most important things to remember are to be genuinely kind and
respectful. This will facilitate a successful relationship
Mini U Instructors Manual 2008
Vision Impaired Eye injuries in sport
Research shows that 90% of all eye injuries in sports are preventable
The most common eye injuries associated with sports are:○ Corneal abrasions (scrapes and cuts)○ Injuries from a blunt object (such as the impact of ball or
puck)○ Penetrating objects (such as from a plastic or wood splinter)
Children under the age of 12 are especially at high risk because they are still developing their visual perception, making it easy for a child to misjudge the speed or distance of a ball or puck
Canadian National Institute for the Blind
Vision Impaired High Risk Sports:
Shooting sports that involve an air rifle or BB gun, baseball, basketball, boxing, cricket, fencing, hockey, lacrosse, full-contact martial arts, paintball, racquetball, softball, squash, badminton
Moderate Risk Sports:Fishing, football, golf, soccer, tennis, volleyball
Low Risk Sports:Bicycling, diving, non-contact martial arts, skiing (snow
and water), swimming, wrestling, track & field, gymnastics
Canadian National Institute for the Blind
Goalball Paralympic Sport played exclusively by
athletes who are blind or visually impaired. All players wear eyeshades so everyone is on
an even playing field, and cannot see anything regardless of their degree of visual impairment.
All of the lines of the court are applied by taping cords to the floor. This creates tactile markings which the players can feel with their hands and feet to orient themselves on the court
Canadian Blind Sports Association
Goalball The game is played by “throwing” a ball back and
forth (bowling motion.) Has bells inside the ball The players track the ball by listening for the
sound of the bells and work together to block the net.
The object of the game is to get the ball past the other team to score in their net.
Canadian Blind Sports Association
Class Activity Cat and Mouse
Form a circle on the floor with the group (everyone sitting down)
2 volunteers, 1 cat and 1 mouse (both blindfolded) Objective: the cat is trying to tag the mouse (in the middle
of the circle). Because both individuals are blindfolded, they must listen and respond to auditory cues from the group
Cues: when the cat is near the mouse, the group claps fast and loud. If the cat or mouse is far away from the other, the group claps slowly and softly
Safety: the cat and mouse must crawl at all times. If the cat or the mouse are headed outside the circle, group members must gently direct them back inside
“Invisible” Disabilities
Cystic Fibrosis Genetic disorder Occurs when a child inherits two defective
copies of the gene responsible for CF (one from each parent)
1 in 25 Canadians is a CF carrier 1 in 3600 children born in Canada has CF No known cure Predicted life span ~ 37 years old
Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
Cystic Fibrosis
Signs and SymptomsDifficulty breathingConstant cough which brings up thick mucusExcessive appetite, with weight lossBowel disturbances, such as intestinal
obstruction or frequent, oily stoolsSkin which tastes saltyRepeated or prolonged bouts of pneumoniaFailure to thrive
Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
Cystic Fibrosis
Class activityBreathing exercise
Including students with special needs Get to know the student Be knowledgeable about their disability Know the students’ physical, mental, social,
and emotional limitations Choose activities that can be altered or
changed to accommodate all students Accessibility Educate all students to be respectful and
have a basic understanding of students with special needs
ReferencesDr. Sarah Teetzel, PERS 3460 Sociology of Physical Activity and Leisure , class
notes, November 16, 2009
http://www.cerebralpalsysource.com/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flRvsO8m_KI
http://www.500health.com/all-about-add-and-adhd/?gclid=CJqT_oj_sJ4CFQjyDAod5x66nQ
http://helpguide.org/mental/adhd_add_treatments_coping.htm
http://www.cdss.ca/
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/detail_autism.htm#140113082
http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/condition_info_details.asp?channel_id=0&relation_id=0&disease_id=307&page_no=2
http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/sight/hearing_impairment.html
http://www.cnib.ca
Mini U Instructors Manual 2008
http://www.canadianblindsports.ca
http://www.cysticfibrosis.ca/
