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Heart FailureHeart Failure- C.S.N.Vittal- C.S.N.Vittal
Definition
• HEART FAILURE IS A CLINICAL HEART FAILURE IS A CLINICAL
SYNDROME IN WHICH HEART CANNOT SYNDROME IN WHICH HEART CANNOT
PUMP AT A RATE COMMENSURATE PUMP AT A RATE COMMENSURATE
• WITH REQUIREMENTS OFWITH REQUIREMENTS OF
• TISSUE METABOLISM.TISSUE METABOLISM.
Possible types
Excessive work load on myocardium (pressure and volume loading)
Primary alterations in myocardial performance (inflammatory disease)
Metabolic derangements
Combinations of these
Pathophysiology
HEART IS A PUMP WITH OUTPUT HEART IS A PUMP WITH OUTPUT PROPORTIONAL TO FILLING VOLUME & PROPORTIONAL TO FILLING VOLUME & INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO RESISTANCE AGAINST WHICH IT PUMPS .RESISTANCE AGAINST WHICH IT PUMPS .
SYSTEMIC OXYGEN TRANSPORT IS SYSTEMIC OXYGEN TRANSPORT IS PRODUCT OF COP AND SYSTEMIC PRODUCT OF COP AND SYSTEMIC OXYGEN CONTENTOXYGEN CONTENT
Cardiac output is determined by...
• PRELOAD
• AFTERLOAD
• CONTRACTILITY
• HEART RATE
Systemic oxygen content is...
•DECREASED IN ANEMIA &
HYPOXIA
•INCREASED IN HYPERMETABOLIC
STATES
General manifestationsPulmonary and systemic venous congestion
Decreased systemic perfusion
Operation of several potentially adaptive mechanisms
increased adrenal activity
fluid retention
ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy
Aetiology
FetusSevere anemia
SVT
Complete heart block
CHD
High output failuers (A-V malformations, teretoma)
AetiologyPreterm
Fluid overload
Bronchopulmonary dysplasis
Full term neonateAsphyxia
AV - malformations
Lt. sided obstructive lesions
TGA
Large shunt diseases
Viral myocarditis
AetiologyInfant or Toddler
Lt to Rt ShuntsAV malformationsMetabolic cardiomyopathyAcute hypertension (hemolytic uremic syndromeSVTKawasaki diseasePost operative repair of CHDs
AetiologyChildren & Adolescents
Rheumatic fever
Acute hypertension ( glomerulonephritis)
Viral myocarditis
Thyrotoxicosis
Anemias Eg. Sickle cell disease
Infective Endocarditis
Cor pulmonale ( cystic fibrosis)
Cardiomyopathy
Cancer therapy (radiation, adriamycin)
Compensatory mechanisms
•SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION
•INCREASED HEART RATE
•INCREASED CONTRACTILITY
•REDISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD DUE TO PERIPHERAL VASOCONSTRICTION
Prolonged sympathetic stimulation may lead to..
INCREASED OXYGEN DEMAND
INCREASED AFTER LOAD
HYPERMETABOLISM
MYOCARDIAL TOXICITY
DECREASED GIT RENAL HEPATIC FLOW
Precipitating Causes of CHF
INFECTIONS
ANEMIA
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
EXCESSIVE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
SODIUM OVER LOAD
ARRHYTHMIAS
TYPES OF HEART FAILURE
SYSTOLIC OR DIASTOLICSYSTOLIC OR DIASTOLIC
ACUTE OR CHRONIC
RIGHT OR LEFT
FORWARD OR BACKWARD
HIGH OUTPUT OR LOW OUTPUT
Clinical FeaturesHISTORY
• INFANTS
• POOR FEEDING
• POOR WEIGHT GAIN
• DYSPNOEA WHILE SUCKING
• PERSPIRATION
Clinical FeaturesHISTORY
• OLDER CHILDRE
BREATHLESSNESS
ORTHOPNEOEA
EASY FATIGABILITY
EDEMA
ABDOMINAL PAIN
ANOREXIA
COUGH
PULMONARY VENOUS CONGESTION
TACHYPNEA
DYSPNEA
ORTHOPNEA
COUGH
WHEEZING
SYSTEMIC VENOUS
CONGESTION
• EDEMAHEPATOMEGALYRAISED JVPANOREXIAABDOMINAL PAIN
Clinical Signs of CHF
Cardiomegaly
Gallop sounds
Coarse rales in the lung bases
Sputum frothy and blood tinged
Hydrothorax
Hepatojugular reflux (Pasteur-Randot reflux)
Ascites
Framingham Criteria for CHF
Major CriteriaPND/ orthopnoea
JVP
Rales
Cardiomegaly
Ac. pul. edema
S3 gallop
CT > 25 sec.
Hepatojugular reflux
Minor CriteriaAnkle edema
Night cough
Dyspnoea on exertion
Hepatomegaly
Pleural effusion
Vital capacity to 1/3 max.
Tachycardia( > 120/m)
Major or Minor : Wt. loss > 4.5 kg in 5 days with treatment
Diagnosis of CHF : 2 major OR 1 major + 2 minor
DIAGNOSIS
CXR Cardiomegaly
ECGChamber hypertrophy,
arrhythmias, myocarditis
ECHO Detection of actual lesion
Ventricular Function
BNP
Management of CHF - General
Rest Reduces COP
Oxygen Improves oxygenation in pulm. edema
Na and Fluid restriction
Decreases vascular congestion and preload
Diuretics - frusemide
Reduces preload, vasodialatation
Combination DCT diuretic
Better salt excretion
Management of CHF - Inotorpes
DigoxinInhibits membrane Na+K+ ATPase,
Increases intracellular Ca++, Improves cardiac contractility and myocardial O2 consumption
DopamineReduces myocardial norepinephrine,
direct beta receptor action - increase in systemic BP
Dobutamine Beta 1 agonist, often used with dopamine
AmrinoneNon-sympathomimetic, non-cardiac glycoside with inotropic effect, also -
vasodialatation
Management of CHF - Afterload reducing agents
Hydralazine Arterial vasodialatation
NitroprussideArterial & venous relaxation, reduces
preload also
Captopril/ enalapril
ACE Inhibitors, reduce Angiotensin II production
PrazosinOral alpha adrenergic blocker, arterial & venous dialatation, reduces preload also
Mechanical Counter
pulasationsImproves coronary flow, afterload
Partial Lt. ventriculotomy _ mitral valve
Improves Laplace relationship by less wall tension
DigitalizationPO : Half initially followed by 1/4th every 8 - 12 hrs X 2
Dose:
Preterm : 20 microG/kg
Term neonate: 2-=30 mcg/kg
Adolescent : 0.5 - 1.0 mg in div doses
IV : 75% of oral dose