Scientific debate

Cloning

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WHAT EXACTLY IS CLONING?

Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that

every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!

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How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo

twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.

How do these processes differ?

HOW IS REPRODUCTIVE CLONING DONE?

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Artificial Embryo Twinning

Artificial embryo twinning is the relatively low-tech version of cloning. As the name

suggests, this technology mimics the natural process of creating identical twins.

Artificial Process Video404/07/23

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Somatic cell nuclear transfer, (SCNT) uses a different approach than artificial embryo twinning, but it produces the same result: an exact clone, or genetic copy, of an individual. This was the method used to create Dolly the Sheep.

Somatic Process Video504/07/23

The types of cloning

DNA cloningor

Gene cloning

Therapeutic cloning

Reproductive cloning

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DNA cloning or Gene cloning

A clone has been made from this technique.

DNA fragment is transferred to self-replicating element

Used to generate multiple copies of the same gene

Human Genome Project Study

Bacterial Plasmid704/07/23

DNA cloning or Gene cloning

804/07/23

Therapeutic Cloning

Creates embryos for research

The purpose of therapeutic cloning is to extract the stem cells from the embryos.

Produce whole organs from cloned stem cells.

Produce healthy cells for transplantation.

Test drugs, understand diseases.

Stem cells can be used to treat heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer, and various other diseases.

Risks:Killing embryos in the process. 904/07/23

Therapeutic Cloning

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Reproductive Cloning|Adult DNA cloning

Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or

previously existing animal.

Human cloning also falls into this category.

e.g. identical twins

Risks: Highly inefficient: Die mysteriously

High costs.

Morally wrong to experiment with animals. 1104/07/23

Reproductive Cloning|Adult dna cloning

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Current and potential embryonic stem cell problems:

Few successes in animal models

Difficulty in obtaining pure cultures in the dish

Difficult to establish and maintain

Problem of immune rejection

Potential for tumor formation and tissue destruction

Genomic instability

1304/07/23

Current Clinical Uses of Adult Stem Cells

CancersAutoimmune diseases

AnemiasBone deformities

StrokeSkin

1404/07/23

History of cloning in mammalsHerd

of mice

Herd mice

Cat (CC

)

Dolly the

sheep

MiceandCow

Ppl( pig )

RateAnd

Horse

Cat (CC)

Humanembryo

1996 1998 2000

200120022003

Dog Human

?2005

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Dolly the sheep

1604/07/23

DEGREE OF AGING

One risk of cloning is that the cells of the clone can aging faster than the normal persons

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AdVantages and Disadvantages

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Advantages

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1/Potential benefits to modern medicine

2/Helping infertile couples

3/Reverse the aging process

4/Protecting Endangered Species

Disadvantages

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1/The Element of Uncertainty

2/Inheriting diseases

3/The Potential for Abuse

http://www.scientificamerican.com/search/?q=human+cloning

www.humancloning.org

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/03/health_stem_cell_guide/html/5.stm

http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/153623002753632057

Google and Others

Bibliography

2104/07/23

By

supervisor : Dr.Gaza F. Salih

By :

Gailan Ali Bapir

2204/07/23